Mehmet Refik Efendi
Mehmet Refik Efendi was born in Istanbul / Dersaadet in AH 1286. Recorded schooling includes 7 years at Rusdiye Mektebi. First work is recorded in Istanbul in AH 1309 (23 AH years after the recorded birth year). The surviving career record covers 5 distinct AH years between 1310 and 1314; it begins with Muhabere Memuru in Mabeyni humayun (150 kuruş monthly). Recorded language competency: Turkish: Kitabet (writing). Older EDA annual records list “Vefat” under AH 1315; this is not a formal death date.
Life and career
5 recorded AH years · 5 annual entries
Life and career stages
Recorded AH years- AH 1286
- AH 1309Birth-year difference: 23 AH years
- AH 1310–1314Birth-year difference: 24–28 AH years
- AH 1315
Each stage retains its recorded place and title. Annual stages group only consecutive years with the same title and place; they do not prove continuous tenure. Birth-year differences compare AH year numbers; they are not exact ages or birthdays.
Assigned salary in the annual career
Monthly kuruş · AHMuhabere Memuru · mabeyni humayun · 150 kuruş monthly
First work is separately recorded at AH 1309 in istanbul. The first-salary field is 150 kuruş; it is not a dated point on this curve.
Monthly nominal assigned amounts, not confirmed cash payments. Lines connect consecutive AH years only; hollow points mean salary not recorded. Competing entries in one AH year remain separate points, without a unique pay-change line. Gregorian values elsewhere are stored labels.
AH 1315 · “Vefat”
Recorded by an additional annual source. This is not a formal death date or another salary observation; the pay curve is not extended.
Places in this record
◆ Birthplace■ First work● Annual recordRing: multiple relations
Every recorded locality remains visible in the key. Hollow markers show candidate coordinates; these are not resolved locations. Overlapping markers are offset for legibility; a small anchor and leader retain the source coordinate. Coastlines provide modern geographic context.
Compare all recorded title, place and salary changes
Each comparison uses the preceding surviving entry.
Salary 150 to 300 kuruş +150 (+100%)
Salary 300 to 500 kuruş +200 (+66.67%)
Salary 500 to 550 kuruş +50 (+10%)
A title change is not automatically a promotion; a locality change is not a reconstructed journey.
How to read the dates, birth-year differences and salaries
AH years are the ordering clock. Birth-year differences subtract uncontested AH birth and event year numbers; they are not exact ages or birthdays. Separately recorded first-job age fields can use a different or unresolved convention and are not substituted into this calculation. Gregorian years are stored dataset labels. The first-work field may concern apprenticeship, paid instruction or earlier state service, and does not establish the beginning of PT service.
Salaries are monthly nominal assigned amounts, not confirmed cash disbursements. Differences between annual entries are not dated promotions or transfers. A source status such as Vefat is not a formal death date; no death locality is assigned from a last work place.
Preparation
- School / programme
- Rusdiye Mektebi
- Schooling duration
- 7 source-recorded years
- Apprenticeship
- 1 source-recorded year
- Qualification indicator
- 1
- Telegraph school indicator
- 0
- Father’s occupation
- Mabeyn-i Humayun-i Hazret-i sahane tablakar
- Recorded birth year
- AH 1286
- Religion wording
- Musluman
- Nationality wording
- Turkish
Schooling years are a duration/classification, not an acquisition date. Education and training dates await source-linked structured records; no dates are inferred here. No completion date is inferred from a schooling duration.
First-work and entry-pay fields
- First-work source date
- AH 1309 · 1892 label
- Place
- istanbul
- First-salary field
- 150 kuruş
- Source
- recovered
The first-work date may concern apprenticeship, paid instruction or earlier state service. The first-salary amount is a separate inherited field; their presence together does not prove that payment began on this date. Neither is the first positive annual salary observation.
Recorded language repertoire
1 field contains historical terms.
- Turkish
- Kitabet (writing)
Only recorded terms are shown. Omitted language fields mean not recorded; they do not establish that the official lacked a language. Original competency wording is preserved; Kitabet (writing), Tekellum (speaking) and Asina (familiarity) are cautious historical glosses, not modern proficiency levels. Workbook language notes remain separately source-linked in the additional evidence. Read the terminology note.
Further biographical evidence
Source wording and status assertions
Occupation category (September 2025 detailed personnel edition)
- Communication and Telegraph
Death-status wording in annual sources
- Older EDA memur annual extract lists “Vefat” under AH 1315.
- Older EDA memureski annual extract lists “Vefat” under AH 1315.
Vefat means death, but this annual status is not a formal death date. Separate extracts may share underlying records and are not independent confirmation. No death locality is inferred.
Inspect the additional source wording, language notes and original codes
These separately linked fields add source wording and raw codes without replacing the annual career. Original rank, decoration and merit-code labels remain unverified; zero is retained literally. Read about the sources.
Enrichment edition: ottoman-bureaucracy-enrichment-5e2ba3e19fa6918b. This is separate from the annual data edition and annual-record PDF.
Download these additional source records (JSON)
| Recorded field | Original value | Source locator |
|---|---|---|
| Occupation category (September 2025 detailed personnel edition)Recorded source wording | Communication and Telegraph | september-occupation · occupation_cat source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 Recorded source-year values: 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314 |
| Current job titles in older EDA annual recordsRecorded source wording | Muhabere Memuru | eda-memur · currentjob source lines 15704, 15705, 15706, 15707, 15708 Recorded source-year values: 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314 |
| Current job titles in older EDA annual recordsRecorded source wording | Vefat | eda-memur · currentjob source lines 15709 Recorded source-year values: 1315 |
| Current job titles in older EDA annual recordsRecorded source wording | Muhabere Memuru | eda-memureski · currentjob source lines 15704, 15705, 15706, 15707, 15708 Recorded source-year values: 1310, 1311, 1312, 1313, 1314 |
| Current job titles in older EDA annual recordsRecorded source wording | Vefat | eda-memureski · currentjob source lines 15709 Recorded source-year values: 1315 |
| currentjobAnnual death-status wording; not a formal date | Vefat | eda-memur · currentjob AH 1315 · AH source lines 15709 |
| currentjobAnnual death-status wording; not a formal date | Vefat | eda-memureski · currentjob AH 1315 · AH source lines 15709 |
| Any criminal record (1=yes)Source-year indicator; not a lifetime verdict | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal AH 1310 · AH source lines 32146 |
| Any criminal record (1=yes)Source-year indicator; not a lifetime verdict | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal AH 1311 · AH source lines 33608 |
| Any criminal record (1=yes)Source-year indicator; not a lifetime verdict | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal AH 1312 · AH source lines 35882 |
| Any criminal record (1=yes)Source-year indicator; not a lifetime verdict | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal AH 1313 · AH source lines 38207 |
| Any criminal record (1=yes)Source-year indicator; not a lifetime verdict | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal AH 1314 · AH source lines 40631 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · adlisicilkaydi AH 1310 · AH source lines 15704 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · adlisicilkaydi AH 1311 · AH source lines 15705 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · adlisicilkaydi AH 1312 · AH source lines 15706 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · adlisicilkaydi AH 1313 · AH source lines 15707 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · adlisicilkaydi AH 1314 · AH source lines 15708 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · adlisicilkaydi AH 1315 · AH source lines 15709 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · criminal AH 1310 · AH source lines 15704 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · criminal AH 1311 · AH source lines 15705 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · criminal AH 1312 · AH source lines 15706 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · criminal AH 1313 · AH source lines 15707 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · criminal AH 1314 · AH source lines 15708 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memur · criminal AH 1315 · AH source lines 15709 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · adlisicilkaydi AH 1310 · AH source lines 15704 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · adlisicilkaydi AH 1311 · AH source lines 15705 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · adlisicilkaydi AH 1312 · AH source lines 15706 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · adlisicilkaydi AH 1313 · AH source lines 15707 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · adlisicilkaydi AH 1314 · AH source lines 15708 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · adlisicilkaydi AH 1315 · AH source lines 15709 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · criminal AH 1310 · AH source lines 15704 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · criminal AH 1311 · AH source lines 15705 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · criminal AH 1312 · AH source lines 15706 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · criminal AH 1313 · AH source lines 15707 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · criminal AH 1314 · AH source lines 15708 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | eda-memureski · criminal AH 1315 · AH source lines 15709 |
| Criminal record (coded level)Unverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal_record_times AH 1310 · AH source lines 32146 |
| Criminal record (coded level)Unverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal_record_times AH 1311 · AH source lines 33608 |
| Criminal record (coded level)Unverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal_record_times AH 1312 · AH source lines 35882 |
| Criminal record (coded level)Unverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal_record_times AH 1313 · AH source lines 38207 |
| Criminal record (coded level)Unverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | october10-personnel · criminal_record_times AH 1314 · AH source lines 40631 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · adlisicilkaydi AH 1310 · AH source lines 15592 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · adlisicilkaydi AH 1311 · AH source lines 15590 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · adlisicilkaydi AH 1312 · AH source lines 15591 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · adlisicilkaydi AH 1313 · AH source lines 15589 |
| adlisicilkaydiUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · adlisicilkaydi AH 1314 · AH source lines 15593 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · criminal AH 1310 · AH source lines 15592 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · criminal AH 1311 · AH source lines 15590 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · criminal AH 1312 · AH source lines 15591 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · criminal AH 1313 · AH source lines 15589 |
| criminalUnverified code labels / original source assertion | 0 | september-occupation · criminal AH 1314 · AH source lines 15593 |
Read the complete annual source table
Every displayed annual entry, in source / Hijri-year order. This table is the accessible alternative to the connected timeline and charts.
| Source year | Gregorian label | Title | Locality wording | Monthly kuruş | Source line |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1892 | Muhabere MemuruOriginal: muhabere memuru | mabeyni humayun | 150 | recovered line 14434 | |
| 1893 | Muhabere MemuruOriginal: muhabere memuru | mabeyni humayun | 300 | recovered line 14435 | |
| 1894 | Muhabere MemuruOriginal: muhabere memuru | mabeyni humayun | 300 | recovered line 14436 | |
| 1895 | Muhabere MemuruOriginal: muhabere memuru | mabeyni humayun | 500 | recovered line 14437 | |
| 1896 | Muhabere MemuruOriginal: muhabere memuru | mabeyni humayun | 550 | recovered line 14438 |
- AH 1310 · 1892 label
Muhabere Memuru
Original title: muhabere memuru
150 kuruş / monthrecovered · source line 14434
- AH 1311 · 1893 label
Muhabere Memuru
Original title: muhabere memuru
300 kuruş / monthrecovered · source line 14435
- AH 1312 · 1894 label
Muhabere Memuru
Original title: muhabere memuru
300 kuruş / monthrecovered · source line 14436
- AH 1313 · 1895 label
Muhabere Memuru
Original title: muhabere memuru
500 kuruş / monthrecovered · source line 14437
- AH 1314 · 1896 label
Muhabere Memuru
Original title: muhabere memuru
550 kuruş / monthrecovered · source line 14438
Evidence & edition
Coded extracts, preserved source differences
Collection membership
- Website edition
- ottoman-bureaucracy-2026-10-11-v1-84d4f7f2230a
- Source editions
- older, september, recovered
- Annual display source
- Recovered merged personnel extract
- Paper sample
- Included · 5 annual entries
- Other archival labels
- No different label recorded
- Geography
- Recorded place assertions; map linkage is separately reported
How to read this dossier
The website joins the exact archival identity across editions. Names are attributes and never merge records. No annual gap is filled from another extract. Geographic alternatives, missing values and differences remain evidence rather than silent corrections.
All substantive source assertions (80)
| Field | Original stored value | Source field and lines |
|---|---|---|
| birthH | 1286 | recovered · dobirth source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| birthPlace | dersaadet | recovered · birthplace source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| birthPlace | dersaadet | recovered · birth_place source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| birthProvince | dersaadet | recovered · birth_vilayet source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| school | Rusdiye Mektebi | recovered · school_type source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| schoolingYears | 7 | recovered · education_year source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| schoolingYears | 7 | recovered · school_year source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| apprenticeshipYears | 1 | recovered · mulazemet source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| qualification | 1 | recovered · qualification source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| derivedQualificationFlag | 1 | recovered · has_qualification source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| telegraphSchool | 0 | recovered · telgraf source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| religion | Musluman | recovered · religion source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| nationality | Turkish | recovered · nationality source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| fatherJob | Mabeyn-i Humayun-i Hazret-i sahane tablakar | recovered · fatherjob source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| fatherJob | mabeyn-i humayun-i hazret-i sahane tablakar | recovered · father_job source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| firstWorkH | 1309 | recovered · ilk_ise_baslangic_yili source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| firstWorkG | 1892 | recovered · firstjobyear source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| firstWorkPlace | istanbul | recovered · firstjob_place source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| firstWorkSalary | 150 | recovered · firstjob_wage source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| birthLatitude | 41.08488985821407 | recovered · lat_birth_place source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| birthLongitude | 29.056960217582365 | recovered · lon_birth_place source lines 14434, 14435, 14436, 14437, 14438 |
| name | Mehmet Refik Efendi | september · İsim source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| birthH | 1286 | september · dobirth source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| birthPlace | dersaadet | september · birthplace source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| birthProvince | dersaadet | september · birth_vilayet source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| school | rusdiye mektebi | september · school_type source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| schoolingYears | 7 | september · education_year source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| apprenticeshipYears | 1 | september · mulazemet source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| apprenticeshipYears | 1 | september · MülazemetSüresi source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| qualification | 1 | september · qualification source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| telegraphSchool | 0 | september · telegraph_school source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| religion | musluman | september · religion source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| nationality | turkish | september · nationality source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| fatherJob | mabeyn-i humayun-i hazret-i sahane tablakar | september · fatherjob source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| firstWorkH | 1309 | september · firstjob_year source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| firstWorkPlace | istanbul | september · firstjob_place source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| firstWorkSalary | 150 | september · firstjob_wage source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| birthLatitude | 41.08488985821407 | september · lat_birth_place source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| birthLongitude | 29.056960217582365 | september · lon_birth_place source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| language:Turkish | Kitabet | september · lang_turkish source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Turkish | 3 | september · lang_turkish2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Arabic | 0 | september · lang_arabic2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:French | 0 | september · lang_french2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Persian | 0 | september · lang_persian2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:English | 0 | september · lang_english2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Italian | 0 | september · lang_italian2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Armenian | 0 | september · lang_armenian2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Greek | 0 | september · lang_greek2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Rum | 0 | september · lang_rum2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Bulgarian | 0 | september · lang_bulgarian2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Russian | 0 | september · lang_russian2 source lines 15589, 15590, 15591, 15592, 15593 |
| name | Mehmet Refik Efendi | older · İsim source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| birthH | 1286 | older · dobirth source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| birthPlace | dersaadet | older · birthplace source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| birthProvince | dersaadet | older · birth_vilayet source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| school | rusdiye mektebi | older · school_type source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| schoolingYears | 7 | older · education_year source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| apprenticeshipYears | 1 | older · MülazemetSüresi source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| qualification | 1 | older · qualification source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| telegraphSchool | 0 | older · telgraph_school source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| religion | musluman | older · religion source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| nationality | turkish | older · nationality source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| fatherJob | mabeyn-i humayun-i hazret-i sahane tablakar | older · fatherjob source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| firstWorkH | 1309 | older · firstjob_year source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| firstWorkPlace | istanbul | older · firstjob_place source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| firstWorkSalary | 150 | older · firstjob_wage source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| birthLatitude | 41.08488985821407 | older · lat_birth_place source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| birthLongitude | 29.056960217582365 | older · lon_birth_place source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| language:Turkish | Kitabet | older · lang_turkish source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Turkish | 3 | older · lang_turkish2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Arabic | 0 | older · lang_arabic2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:French | 0 | older · lang_french2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Persian | 0 | older · lang_persian2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:English | 0 | older · lang_english2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Italian | 0 | older · lang_italian2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Armenian | 0 | older · lang_armenian2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Greek | 0 | older · lang_greek2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Rum | 0 | older · lang_rum2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Bulgarian | 0 | older · lang_bulgarian2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
| derivedLanguageCode:Russian | 0 | older · lang_russian2 source lines 18722, 20595, 21895, 25458, 27948, 32169 |
Original stored values
These are values in the inherited coded extracts. They are not a verified transcription of the original register. Source spelling and differences are preserved.
Cite this record
Ottoman Bureaucracy, “Mehmet Refik Efendi”, archival reference 0065_0187; 371, edition ottoman-bureaucracy-2026-10-11-v1-84d4f7f2230a, https://ottomanbureaucracy.com/people/p-18bc1d8a23b7fd4d/.
Stable archival identity: /people/p-18bc1d8a23b7fd4d/. The edition identifies the data build separately from the stable person address. Historical records may be revised in a later edition.