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Ottoman BureaucracyPeople, places and careers in Ottoman public service

Official

Mahmut Efendi

Muslim (Müslüman). Born in Baghdad (Bağdat) in 1842/43 (AH 1258). On record 1862 to 1873, 10 annual entries.

Life

Mahmut Efendi was born in Baghdad (Bağdat) in 1842/43 (AH 1258). The record gives the community as Muslim (Müslüman), the nationality as Turkish and the father's occupation as Kaymakam.

Schooling recorded: Sıbyan Mektebi, with 4 years of schooling recorded. The record marks no qualification (diploma, certificate, training or decoration). Languages recorded, with the skill words of the record: Arabic, with kitabet; Persian, with tekellum; Turkish, with Kitabet.

First work is recorded in Baghdad in 1857/58 (AH 1274): Telgraf. The official was then about 16 years old. The record gives 2 years of unpaid apprenticeship (mülazemet) before the first salary. The first-salary field gives 500 kuruş a month. At the first annual entry, in 1862/63, the official was about 20 years old.

The first annual entry, for 1862/63, shows Muhabere Memuru in Baghdad, with 500 kuruş a month. In 1868/69 the record shows 2. Müdür in Al-Hindiya (Hindiye), the salary going from 960 to 1,000 kuruş a month (before: Muhabere Memuru in Baghdad). In 1869/70 the record shows 2. Müdür in Al-Sadiyah (Kızılrabat), with 1,000 kuruş a month (before: 2. Müdür in Al-Hindiya). In 1872/73 the record shows no title (before: 2. Müdür in Al-Sadiyah). No annual entry is recorded for 1871/72.

The highest salary, 1,000 kuruş a month, is first recorded in 1868/69 as 2. Müdür. 70 per cent of the other officials with a recorded salary that year earned less. The median salary of all officials that year was 600 kuruş. Over 9 years with a salary the median is 960 kuruş a month, with 2 rises and no cuts. The largest rise, 460 kuruş, is seen in 1863/64. From the first salary to the last the salary grew by 9.05 per cent a year on average. The last salary is recorded in 1870/71, when 72 per cent of the other officials with a recorded salary that year earned less.

Record

Personal

Born
1842/43 (AH 1258)
Community
Muslim (Müslüman)
Nationality as recorded
Turkish
Father's occupation
Kaymakam

Education

Primary
Sıbyan Mektebi (4 years)school for young children (primary school)
Unpaid years (mülazemet)
2 years
Preparation route (classification of the paper)
Low
Qualification (diploma, certificate, training or nişan)
NoShown as in the flag of the paper. The qualification column of the recovered extract gives yes.

The years count all schooling up to that school, as the record gives them.

Languages

Arabic
kitabetwriting
Persian
tekellumspeaking
Turkish
Kitabetwriting

The glosses are cautious historical readings of the recorded words, not modern levels of proficiency.

First work

Year
1857/58 (AH 1274)
First job as worded
Telgraf
Age at first work (workbook field)
16
First salary field (kuruş a month)
500
First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month)
500

Legal records

Judicial record (recorded code)
1
Years (AH) with a criminal-record mark in the annual records
1279; 1280; 1281; 1282; 1283; 1284; 1285; 1286; 1287

Career

Career of Mahmut Efendi, one row per stage
YearsTitlePlaceSalary (kuruş a month)
1857/58AH 1274Telgraffirst workBaghdad (Bağdat)500first-salary field
1862 to 1868AH 1279 to 1284Muhabere Memuru
6 entries
YearSalary
1862/63500
1863/64960
1864/65960
1865/66960
1866/67960
1867/68960
Baghdad (Bağdat)500 to 960
1868/69AH 12852. MüdürAl-Hindiya (Hindiye)1,000
1869 to 1871AH 1286 to 12872. Müdür
2 entries
YearSalary
1869/701,000
1870/711,000
Al-Sadiyah (Kızılrabat)1,000
No annual entry: 1871/72 (AH 1288)
1872/73AH 1289
Other institution
Monthly salary, kuruş
no entry05001,0001863/64AH 12801865/66AH 12821867/68AH 12841869/70AH 12861871/72AH 12881,000 kuruşEntry of another institution
Salary against the medians of the same year
2005001,0001863/64AH 12801865/66AH 12821867/68AH 12841869/70AH 12861871/72AH 1288This officialMedian, all officialsMedian, same title

Log scale: equal steps are equal ratios. The median of the same title is drawn for the years in which at least 5 officials with that title had a salary.

The numbers of the chart
Salary of Mahmut Efendi against the medians of the same year, kuruş a month
YearSalaryMedian, all officialsMedian, same titlePaid less
1862/6350050050034%
1863/6496050050065%
1864/6596062557062%
1865/6696065057664%
1866/6796060048066%
1867/6896060048067%
1868/691,0006001,00070%
1869/701,0006001,00071%
1870/711,0006001,00072%

Paid less: the share of the other officials with a salary that year who earned less.

Placesbornfirst workannual entries
BaghdadAl-SadiyahAl-Hindiya

Choose a row to mark its years in the charts and its place on the map.

Recorded with

Recorded in the same place in the same years

10 officials in all. Officials recorded in Baghdad (Bağdat)

Same school recorded

744 officials in all. Officials with Sıbyan Mektebi recorded

Same birthplace

72 officials in all. Officials born in Baghdad (Bağdat)

Full record

Annual entries (10)

Annual entries of Mahmut Efendi
YearTitlePlaceKuruş a monthInstitutionSourceArchive reference
1862/63AH 1279Muhabere MemuruBaghdad (Bağdat)500Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1863/64AH 1280Muhabere MemuruBaghdad (Bağdat)960Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1864/65AH 1281Muhabere MemuruBaghdad (Bağdat)960Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1865/66AH 1282Muhabere MemuruBaghdad (Bağdat)960Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1866/67AH 1283Muhabere MemuruBaghdad (Bağdat)960Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1867/68AH 1284Muhabere MemuruBaghdad (Bağdat)960Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1868/69AH 12852. MüdürAl-Hindiya (Hindiye)1,000Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1869/70AH 12862. MüdürAl-Sadiyah (Kızılrabat)1,000Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1870/71AH 12872. MüdürAl-Sadiyah (Kızılrabat)1,000Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_318;632
1872/73AH 1289OtherCross-ministry personnel workbook3_318;632
What the sources named in this table are
Cross-ministry personnel workbook
A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
Recovered annual personnel extract
The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.

Sources and original values (25)

Recorded values of Mahmut Efendi with their sources
FieldRecorded valueSource
Identity
NameMahmut EfendiPersonnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Linked personnel workbook
Birth year (AH)1258Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
BirthplacebagdatRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Birthplace: district (kaza)BagdatCross-ministry personnel workbook
Birthplace: sancakBagdatCross-ministry personnel workbook
Birthplace: province (vilayet)BagdatCross-ministry personnel workbook
Province of birthbagdatRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract
Father's occupationKaymakamRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
ReligionMuslumanRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Nationality or communityTurkishRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Schooling
SchoolSibyan MektebiRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Years of schooling4Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Years of apprenticeship (mülazemet)2Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
First work
First work: year (AH)1274Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Linked personnel workbook
First work: Gregorian year as stored1858Recovered annual personnel extract
First work: placeBagdatRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
First work: district (kaza)BagdatCross-ministry personnel workbook
First work: sancakBagdatCross-ministry personnel workbook
First work: province (vilayet)BagdatCross-ministry personnel workbook
First job as wordedTelgrafLinked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Age at first work (workbook field)16Cross-ministry personnel workbook
First salary field (kuruş a month)500Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract
First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month)500Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Legal records
Judicial record (recorded code)1Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Years (AH) with a criminal-record mark in the annual records1279; 1280; 1281; 1282; 1283; 1284; 1285; 1286; 1287Later annual personnel extract
What the sources named in this table are
Cross-ministry personnel workbook
A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
Later annual personnel extract
The detailed annual personnel file of October 2025. It marks single annual entries with a criminal-record flag and holds status words such as Vefat. For a death, the year is the year of the annual list in which the status word stands.
Earlier annual personnel extract
The detailed annual personnel file of October 2024. An official found only in this file keeps the years, titles and salaries it gives.
Recovered annual personnel extract
The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
Personnel attributes extract
The detailed personnel file of September 2025, read for personal details such as birth, schooling and first work.
Linked personnel workbook
The original personnel workbook, from which selected fields on background and first work are taken.
  • Origin of the record: Post and Telegraph personnel records.
  • 1 annual entry of 10 belong to the saved estimation sample of the paper.

How to read this record: calendar years, years without an annual entry, salaries and sources.