Skip to content
Ottoman BureaucracyPeople, places and careers in Ottoman public service

Official

Mehmet Zihni Efendi

Muslim (Müslüman). Born in Niš (Niş) in 1841/42 (AH 1257). On record 1859 to 1898, 38 annual entries.

Life

Mehmet Zihni Efendi was born in Niš (Niş) in 1841/42 (AH 1257). The record gives the community as Muslim (Müslüman) and the nationality as Turkish.

Schooling recorded: Sıbyan Mektebi, with 4 years of schooling recorded. The record marks no qualification (diploma, certificate, training or decoration). Languages recorded, with the skill words of the record: Bulgarian, with Tekellum; Turkish, with Kitabet.

First work is recorded in Niš in 1855/56 (AH 1272): Tahrirat Kalemi. The official was then about 15 years old. The record gives 4 years of unpaid apprenticeship (mülazemet) before the first salary. The first-salary field gives 200 kuruş a month. At the first annual entry, in 1859/60, the official was about 18 years old.

The first annual entry, for 1859/60, shows Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Niš, with 200 kuruş a month. In 1865/66 the record shows Tapu Kitabeti in Niš, with 300 kuruş a month (before: Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Niš). In 1868/69 the record shows Mukayyit in Pirot (Şehirköy), with 450 kuruş a month (before: Tapu Kitabeti in Niš). In 1869/70 the record shows Mukayyit in Niš, with 450 kuruş a month (before: Mukayyit in Pirot). In 1871/72 the record shows DH Baskitabeti in Niš, the salary going from 450 to 500 kuruş a month (before: Mukayyit in Niš). In 1878 the record shows DH Baskitabeti in Kırklareli, the salary going from 500 to 450 kuruş a month (before: DH Baskitabeti in Niš). In 1879/80 the record shows DH Kitabeti in Kırklareli, the salary going from 450 to 360 kuruş a month (before: DH Baskitabeti in Kırklareli). In 1880/81 the record shows Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Didymoteicho (Dimetoka), the salary going from 360 to 1,200 kuruş a month (before: DH Kitabeti in Kırklareli). In 1886/87 the record shows Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Preveza (Preveze), the salary going from 1,200 to 760 kuruş a month (before: Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Didymoteicho). In 1893/94 the record shows Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Drama, with 760 kuruş a month (before: Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Preveza). No annual entry is recorded for 1867/68 and 1877/78.

The highest salary, 1,200 kuruş a month, is first recorded in 1880/81 as Defter-i Hakani Kalemi. 87 per cent of the other officials with a recorded salary that year earned less. The median salary of all officials that year was 500 kuruş. Over 38 years with a salary the median is 500 kuruş a month, with 4 rises and 4 cuts. The largest rise, 840 kuruş, is seen in 1880/81. From the first salary to the last the salary grew by 3.2 per cent a year on average. The last salary is recorded in 1897/98, when 79 per cent of the other officials with a recorded salary that year earned less.

Honours recorded in the cross-ministry workbook: Rank (recorded code): 3.

Record

Personal

Born
1841/42 (AH 1257)
Birthplace
Niš (Niş)
Community
Muslim (Müslüman)
Nationality as recorded
Turkish

Education

Primary
Sıbyan Mektebi (4 years)school for young children (primary school)
Unpaid years (mülazemet)
4 years
Preparation route (classification of the paper)
Low
Qualification (diploma, certificate, training or nişan)
NoShown as in the flag of the paper. The qualification column of the recovered extract gives yes.

The years count all schooling up to that school, as the record gives them.

Languages

Bulgarian
Tekellumspeaking
Turkish
Kitabetwriting

The glosses are cautious historical readings of the recorded words, not modern levels of proficiency.

First work

Year
1855/56 (AH 1272)
First job as worded
Tahrirat Kalemi
Age at first work (workbook field)
16
First salary field (kuruş a month)
200
First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month)
200

Honours and ranks

Rank (recorded code)
3

Career

Career of Mehmet Zihni Efendi, one row per stage
YearsTitlePlaceSalary (kuruş a month)
1855/56AH 1272Tahrirat Kalemifirst workNiš (Niş)200first-salary field
1859 to 1865AH 1276 to 1281Defter-i Hakani Kalemi
6 entries
YearSalary
1859/60200
1860/61200
1861/62200
1862/63300
1863/64300
1864/65300
Niš (Niş)200 to 300
1865 to 1867AH 1282 to 1283Tapu Kitabeti
2 entries
YearSalary
1865/66300
1866/67450
Niš (Niş)300 to 450
No annual entry: 1867/68 (AH 1284)
1868/69AH 1285Mukayyit
Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)
Pirot (Şehirköy)450
1869 to 1871AH 1286 to 1287Mukayyit
Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)
2 entries
YearSalary
1869/70450
1870/71450
Niš (Niş)450
1871 to 1877AH 1288 to 1293DH Baskitabeti
6 entries
YearSalary
1871/72500
1872/73500
1873/74500
1874/75500
1875/76500
1876/77500
Niš (Niş)500
No annual entry: 1877/78 (AH 1294)
1878 to 1879AH 1295 to 1296DH Baskitabeti
2 entries
YearSalary
1878450
1878/79450
Kırklareli450
1879/80AH 1297DH KitabetiKırklareli360
1880 to 1886AH 1298 to 1303Defter-i Hakani Kalemi
6 entries
YearSalary
1880/811,200
1881/821,200
1882/831,200
1883/841,200
1884/851,200
1885/861,200
Didymoteicho (Dimetoka)1,200
1886 to 1893AH 1304 to 1310Defter-i Hakani Kalemi
7 entries
YearSalary
1886/87760
1887/88760
1888/89760
1889/90760
1890/91760
1891/92760
1892/93760
Preveza (Preveze)760
1893 to 1898AH 1311 to 1315Defter-i Hakani Kalemi
5 entries
YearSalary
1893/94760
1894/95760
1895/96760
1896/97684
1897/98684
Drama760 to 684
Monthly salary, kuruş
no entryno entry05001,0001,5001863/64AH 12801873/74AH 12901882/83AH 13001892/93AH 13101,200 kuruşEntry of another institution
Salary against the medians of the same year
2005001,0002,0001863/64AH 12801873/74AH 12901882/83AH 13001892/93AH 1310This officialMedian, all officialsMedian, same title

Log scale: equal steps are equal ratios. The median of the same title is drawn for the years in which at least 5 officials with that title had a salary.

The numbers of the chart
Salary of Mehmet Zihni Efendi against the medians of the same year, kuruş a month
YearSalaryMedian, all officialsMedian, same titlePaid less
1859/6020050025014%
1860/612005002858%
1861/622006007%
1862/6330050019%
1863/6430050015%
1864/6530062511%
1865/6630065010%
1866/6745060028%
1868/6945060045031%
1869/7045060047534%
1870/7145060050036%
1871/7250055045%
1872/7350055050044%
1873/7450050044%
1874/7550053550041%
1875/7650053050041%
1876/77500582.550036%
187845060047532%
1878/7945060047533%
1879/8036050022%
1880/811,20050076087%
1881/821,20050076086%
1882/831,20050076086%
1883/841,20050076086%
1884/851,20050076086%
1885/861,20050076087%
1886/8776050076075%
1887/8876050076074%
1888/8976050076075%
1889/9076050076076%
1890/9176050076077%
1891/9276050076078%
1892/9376050076078%
1893/9476050076079%
1894/9576050076079%
1895/9676050076079%
1896/9768450068479%
1897/9868450068479%

Paid less: the share of the other officials with a salary that year who earned less.

Placesbornfirst workannual entries
NišDramaPirotKırklareliDidymoteichoPreveza

Choose a row to mark its years in the charts and its place on the map.

Recorded with

Recorded in the same place in the same years

57 officials in all. Officials recorded in Niš (Niş)

Same school recorded

744 officials in all. Officials with Sıbyan Mektebi recorded

Same birthplace

25 officials in all. Officials born in Niš (Niş)

Full record

Annual entries (38)

Annual entries of Mehmet Zihni Efendi
YearTitlePlaceKuruş a monthInstitutionSourceArchive reference
1859/60AH 1276Defter-i Hakani KalemiNiš (Niş)200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1860/61AH 1277Defter-i Hakani KalemiNiš (Niş)200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1861/62AH 1278Defter-i Hakani KalemiNiš (Niş)200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1862/63AH 1279Defter-i Hakani KalemiNiš (Niş)300Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1863/64AH 1280Defter-i Hakani KalemiNiš (Niş)300Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1864/65AH 1281Defter-i Hakani KalemiNiš (Niş)300Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1865/66AH 1282Tapu KitabetiNiš (Niş)300Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1866/67AH 1283Tapu KitabetiNiš (Niş)450Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1868/69AH 1285MukayyitPirot (Şehirköy)450Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_333; 662
1869/70AH 1286MukayyitNiš (Niş)450Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_333; 662
1870/71AH 1287MukayyitNiš (Niş)450Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)Recovered annual personnel extract3_333; 662
1871/72AH 1288DH BaskitabetiNiš (Niş)500Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1872/73AH 1289DH BaskitabetiNiš (Niş)500Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1873/74AH 1290DH BaskitabetiNiš (Niş)500Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1874/75AH 1291DH BaskitabetiNiš (Niş)500Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1875/76AH 1292DH BaskitabetiNiš (Niş)500Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1876/77AH 1293DH BaskitabetiNiš (Niş)500Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1878AH 1295DH BaskitabetiKırklareli450Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1878/79AH 1296DH BaskitabetiKırklareli450Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1879/80AH 1297DH KitabetiKırklareli360Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1880/81AH 1298Defter-i Hakani KalemiDidymoteicho (Dimetoka)1,200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1881/82AH 1299Defter-i Hakani KalemiDidymoteicho (Dimetoka)1,200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1882/83AH 1300Defter-i Hakani KalemiDidymoteicho (Dimetoka)1,200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1883/84AH 1301Defter-i Hakani KalemiDidymoteicho (Dimetoka)1,200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1884/85AH 1302Defter-i Hakani KalemiDidymoteicho (Dimetoka)1,200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1885/86AH 1303Defter-i Hakani KalemiDidymoteicho (Dimetoka)1,200Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1886/87AH 1304Defter-i Hakani KalemiPreveza (Preveze)760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1887/88AH 1305Defter-i Hakani KalemiPreveza (Preveze)760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1888/89AH 1306Defter-i Hakani KalemiPreveza (Preveze)760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1889/90AH 1307Defter-i Hakani KalemiPreveza (Preveze)760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1890/91AH 1308Defter-i Hakani KalemiPreveza (Preveze)760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1891/92AH 1309Defter-i Hakani KalemiPreveza (Preveze)760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1892/93AH 1310Defter-i Hakani KalemiPreveza (Preveze)760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1893/94AH 1311Defter-i Hakani KalemiDrama760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1894/95AH 1312Defter-i Hakani KalemiDrama760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1895/96AH 1313Defter-i Hakani KalemiDrama760Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1896/97AH 1314Defter-i Hakani KalemiDrama684Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
1897/98AH 1315Defter-i Hakani KalemiDrama684Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)Cross-ministry personnel workbook3_333; 662
What the sources named in this table are
Cross-ministry personnel workbook
A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
Recovered annual personnel extract
The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.

Sources and original values (23)

Recorded values of Mehmet Zihni Efendi with their sources
FieldRecorded valueSource
Identity
NameMehmet Zihni EfendiLinked personnel workbook
Birth year (AH)1257Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
BirthplacenisRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Birthplace: district (kaza)NisCross-ministry personnel workbook
Birthplace: sancakNisCross-ministry personnel workbook
Birthplace: province (vilayet)TunaCross-ministry personnel workbook
Province of birthtunaRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract
ReligionMuslumanRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Nationality or communityTurkishRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Schooling
SchoolSibyan MektebiRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Years of schooling4Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Years of apprenticeship (mülazemet)4Recovered annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
First work
First work: year (AH)1272Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Linked personnel workbook
First work: Gregorian year as stored1856Recovered annual personnel extract
First work: placeNisRecovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
First work: district (kaza)nisCross-ministry personnel workbook
First work: sancaknisCross-ministry personnel workbook
First work: province (vilayet)tunaCross-ministry personnel workbook
First job as wordedTahrirat KalemiLinked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Age at first work (workbook field)16Cross-ministry personnel workbook
First salary field (kuruş a month)200Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract
First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month)200Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook
Honours
Rank (recorded code)3Cross-ministry personnel workbook
What the sources named in this table are
Cross-ministry personnel workbook
A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
Earlier annual personnel extract
The detailed annual personnel file of October 2024. An official found only in this file keeps the years, titles and salaries it gives.
Recovered annual personnel extract
The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
Personnel attributes extract
The detailed personnel file of September 2025, read for personal details such as birth, schooling and first work.
Linked personnel workbook
The original personnel workbook, from which selected fields on background and first work are taken.
  • Origin of the record: Post and Telegraph personnel records.
  • 1 annual entry of 38 belong to the saved estimation sample of the paper.

How to read this record: calendar years, years without an annual entry, salaries and sources.