Official
Mahmut Bedri Efendi
Muslim (Müslüman). Born in Niš (Niş) in 1843/44 (AH 1259). On record 1866 to 1903, 37 annual entries.
Archive reference 0002_0155; 308
Life#
Mahmut Bedri Efendi was born in Niš (Niş) in 1843/44 (AH 1259) into the Muslim (Müslüman) community. Schooling took seven years, at a middle school (Rüşdiye Mektebi); Mahmut Bedri also wrote Turkish and spoke Bulgarian, and held a qualification (a diploma, certificate, training or decoration).
Mahmut Bedri began work in the Rusumat Kalemi in Niš in 1861/62, at about 18, with one unpaid year as a mülazım (apprentice) before a first salary of 100 kuruş. The first annual entry, for 1866/67, names neither a title nor a place for Mahmut Bedri. Next came a return to Niš, the birthplace, from 1867 to 1870, then five places in seven years. Mahmut Bedri then moved back to Niš from 1877 to 1878, then five places in 17 years. The last posts were in Istanbul from 1895 to 1903, first as PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi, from 1902/03 as Meclis-i Maliye Azaligi. Ten provinces on two continents in all, a number reached by only 24 of the 5,200 officials with a place of service.
The salary went from 480 kuruş a month in 1867/68 to 6,040 in 1897/98, the peak, as PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi in Istanbul, when 99 per cent of paid officials earned less. Over 36 years the salaries add up to 1,160,700 kuruş, 5.1 times the median official's, a level reached by 49 of the 3,805 officials paid for five years or more. The final annual entry is for 1902/03.
Places in order of time#
Each number is a stop: the birthplace, the place of first work, then every place of the annual entries in turn. The year beside an arrow is the first entry at the new place.
Not on the map, as no position is recorded: stop 2 (Place not recorded).
Place not recorded not on the map
1866/67 (AH 1283)
entries in 1 year
1877 to 1878 (AH 1294 to 1295)
1. Müdür 1877/78 (AH 1294); Seyyar Mufettis 1878 (AH 1295)
1,200 to 1,750 kuruş a month; entries in 2 years
1895 to 1903 (AH 1313 to 1320)
PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi 1895 to 1901 (AH 1313 to 1318); Meclis-i Maliye Azaligi 1902/03 (AH 1320)
5,040 to 6,040 kuruş a month; entries in 7 years
No annual entry for 1901/02 (AH 1319).
Career and salary#
Log scale: equal steps are equal ratios. The median of the same title is drawn for the years in which at least 5 officials with that title had a salary.
The numbers of the chart
| Year | Salary | Median, all officials | Median, same title | Paid less |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1867/68 | 480 | 600 | 480 | 32% |
| 1868/69 | 480 | 600 | 480 | 32% |
| 1869/70 | 480 | 600 | 400 | 34% |
| 1870/71 | 480 | 600 | 400 | 37% |
| 1871/72 | 480 | 550 | 400 | 43% |
| 1872/73 | 570 | 550 | 400 | 50% |
| 1873/74 | 455 | 500 | 400 | 39% |
| 1874/75 | 500 | 535 | 450 | 41% |
| 1875/76 | 700 | 530 | 850 | 61% |
| 1876/77 | 1,200 | 582.5 | 1,225 | 84% |
| 1877/78 | 1,200 | 560 | 1,225 | 85% |
| 1878 | 1,750 | 600 | 1,750 | 90% |
| 1878/79 | 1,250 | 600 | 1,250 | 85% |
| 1879/80 | 2,000 | 500 | 2,000 | 93% |
| 1880/81 | 2,000 | 500 | 2,000 | 93% |
| 1881/82 | 2,000 | 500 | 2,400 | 92% |
| 1882/83 | 2,400 | 500 | 2,400 | 95% |
| 1883/84 | 3,000 | 500 | 2,400 | 97% |
| 1884/85 | 3,000 | 500 | 2,550 | 97% |
| 1885/86 | 3,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 97% |
| 1886/87 | 3,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 97% |
| 1887/88 | 3,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 97% |
| 1888/89 | 3,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 97% |
| 1889/90 | 3,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 97% |
| 1890/91 | 3,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 97% |
| 1891/92 | 3,000 | 500 | 3,000 | 97% |
| 1892/93 | 3,500 | 500 | 2,625 | 98% |
| 1893/94 | 3,500 | 500 | 2,625 | 99% |
| 1894/95 | 3,500 | 500 | 2,850 | 98% |
| 1895/96 | 5,600 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1896/97 | 5,040 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1897/98 | 6,040 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1898/99 | 6,040 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1899/1900 | 6,040 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1900/01 | 6,040 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1902/03 | 6,000 | 500 | 99% |
Paid less: the share of the other officials with a salary that year who earned less.
Point at a year for its salary, title, place and the median of all officials paid that year. Choose a row of the table to mark its years in the charts and its stop on the map.
| Years | Title | Place | Salary (kuruş a month) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1861/62AH 1278 | Rusumat Kalemifirst work | Niš (Niş) | 100first-salary field |
| 1866/67AH 1283 | |||
| 1867 to 1870AH 1284 to 1286 | Muhabere Memuru | Niš (Niş) | 480 |
| 1870 to 1872AH 1287 to 1288 | Muhabere Memuru | Plovdiv (Filibe) | 480 |
| 1872/73AH 1289 | Muhabere Memuru | Sofya cumasi | 570 |
| 1873/74AH 1290 | Muhabere Memuru | Plovdiv (Filibe) | 455 |
| 1874/75AH 1291 | Muhabere Memuru | Edirne | 500 |
| 1875/76AH 1292 | 2. Müdür | Lyaskovets (Leskofça) | 700 |
| 1876/77AH 1293 | 1. Müdür | Skopje (Üsküp) | 1,200 |
| 1877/78AH 1294 | 1. Müdür | Niš (Niş) | 1,200 |
| 1878AH 1295 | Seyyar Mufettis | Niš (Niş) | 1,750 |
| 1878/79AH 1296 | 1. Müdür | İzmit | 1,250 |
| 1879 to 1881AH 1297 to 1298 | Müfettiş | Ankara | 2,000 |
| 1881 to 1886AH 1299 to 1303 | Başmüdür | Diyarbakır | 2,000 to 3,000 |
| 1886 to 1892AH 1304 to 1309 | Başmüdür | Aleppo (Halep) | 3,000 |
| 1892 to 1895AH 1310 to 1312 | Başmüdür | Adana | 3,500 |
| 1895 to 1901AH 1313 to 1318 | PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 5,600 to 6,040 |
| No annual entry: 1901/02 (AH 1319) | |||
| 1902/03AH 1320 | Meclis-i Maliye Azaligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 6,000 |
Record#
Personal
- Born
- 1843/44 (AH 1259)
- Birthplace
- Niš (Niş)
- Community
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Nationality as recorded
- Turkish
Education
- Rüşdiye
- Rüşdiye Mektebi (7 years)rüşdiye school (middle school)
- Unpaid years (mülazemet)
- 1 year
- Preparation route (classification of the paper)
- Middle
- Qualification (diploma, certificate, training or nişan)
- Yes
The years count all schooling up to that school, as the record gives them.
Languages
- Bulgarian
- Tekellumspeaking
- Turkish
- Kitabetwriting
The glosses are cautious historical readings of the recorded words, not modern levels of proficiency.
First work
- Year
- 1861/62 (AH 1278)
- Place
- Niš (Niş)
- First job as worded
- Rusumat Kalemi
- Age at first work (workbook field)
- 19
- First salary field (kuruş a month)
- 100
- First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month)
- 100
Honours and ranks
- Rank (recorded code)
- 1
- Mecidi order (recorded code)
- 1
- Osmani order (recorded code)
- 2
- Medal (recorded code)
- 1
Legal records
- Judicial record (recorded code)
- 1
- Legal record note as worded
- İdaresizlikten / muamelat-ı hesabiyece su-i istimalatı ve idaresizliği teybin eylemesine mebni sene-i merkum Rebiülahirinin dördünde (7 Temmuz sene 317) azledilmiştir.; İdaresizlikten
Notes from the record
- Merit and competence grade (recorded code)
- 1
Recorded with#
Officials who share a place, a job title, a school, a birthplace or the year of the first annual entry. Ranks compare the highest monthly salary of each official.
Same place, same years
Of the 895 officials with entries in Istanbul in the same years, Mahmut Bedri Efendi had the 7th highest salary.
- Hüseyin Hasip Efendi7 shared years; highest salary 20,000 kuruş
- Salahattin Bey7 shared years; highest salary 7,800 kuruş
- Suleyman Resat Bey7 shared years; highest salary 7,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Hayri Bey7 shared years; highest salary 5,500 kuruş
- Mehmet Asaf Bey7 shared years; highest salary 5,000 kuruş
Same job title, same years
Of the 41 officials with the title Başmüdür in the same years, Mahmut Bedri Efendi had the highest salary.
- Osman Nureddin Efendi14 shared years; highest salary 3,500 kuruş
- Unnamed official (0002_0176; 350)14 shared years; highest salary 3,500 kuruş
- Hasan Tahsin Efendi13 shared years; highest salary 3,000 kuruş
- İbrahim Kâmil Efendi12 shared years; highest salary 4,500 kuruş
- Bahattin Bey12 shared years; highest salary 4,000 kuruş
Same school
Of the 3,206 officials with Rüşdiye Mektebi among their schools, 3,200 have a recorded salary; Mahmut Bedri Efendi had the 8th highest salary of them.
- Abdülaziz Efendiborn 1843/44 (AH 1259); highest salary 600 kuruş
- Ahmet Bilal Efendiborn 1843/44 (AH 1259); highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Bahattin Efendiborn 1843/44 (AH 1259); highest salary 1,300 kuruş
- Cemal Efendiborn 1843/44 (AH 1259); highest salary 840 kuruş
- Hasan Hüsnü Efendiborn 1843/44 (AH 1259); highest salary 2,000 kuruş
Same birthplace
Of the 26 officials born in Niš (Niş), Mahmut Bedri Efendi had the highest salary.
- Mehmet Zihni Efendiborn 1841/42 (AH 1257); highest salary 1,200 kuruş
- Fahri Efendiborn 1851/52 (AH 1268); highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Hüseyin Remzi Efendiborn 1853/54 (AH 1270); highest salary 500 kuruş
- Yaşar Şazi Efendiborn 1853/54 (AH 1270); highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Mustafa Şükrü Efendiborn 1856/57 (AH 1273); highest salary 600 kuruş
First annual entry in the same year
Of the 46 officials whose first annual entry is for 1866/67 (AH 1283), Mahmut Bedri Efendi had the highest salary.
- Osman Nuri Efendifirst annual entry 1866/67 (AH 1283); highest salary 760 kuruş
- Abdülaziz Efendifirst entry in Lubnan; highest salary 600 kuruş
- Ahmet Bilal Efendifirst entry in Beirut (Beyrut); highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Hasan Hüsnü Efendifirst entry in Tuzla; highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Karabet Efendifirst entry in Istanbul; highest salary 2,400 kuruş
Full record
Annual entries (37)
| Year | Title | Place | Kuruş a month | Institution | Source | Archive reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1866/67AH 1283 | Other | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 0002_0155; 308 | |||
| 1867/68AH 1284 | Muhabere Memuru | Niš (Niş) | 480 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1868/69AH 1285 | Muhabere Memuru | Niš (Niş) | 480 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1869/70AH 1286 | Muhabere Memuru | Niš (Niş) | 480 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1870/71AH 1287 | Muhabere Memuru | Plovdiv (Filibe) | 480 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1871/72AH 1288 | Muhabere Memuru | Plovdiv (Filibe) | 480 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1872/73AH 1289 | Muhabere Memuru | Sofya cumasi | 570 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1873/74AH 1290 | Muhabere Memuru | Plovdiv (Filibe) | 455 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1874/75AH 1291 | Muhabere Memuru | Edirne | 500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1875/76AH 1292 | 2. Müdür | Lyaskovets (Leskofça) | 700 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1876/77AH 1293 | 1. Müdür | Skopje (Üsküp) | 1,200 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1877/78AH 1294 | 1. Müdür | Niš (Niş) | 1,200 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1878AH 1295 | Seyyar Mufettis | Niš (Niş) | 1,750 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1878/79AH 1296 | 1. Müdür | İzmit | 1,250 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1879/80AH 1297 | Müfettiş | Ankara | 2,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1880/81AH 1298 | Müfettiş | Ankara | 2,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1881/82AH 1299 | Başmüdür | Diyarbakır | 2,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1882/83AH 1300 | Başmüdür | Diyarbakır | 2,400 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1883/84AH 1301 | Başmüdür | Diyarbakır | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1884/85AH 1302 | Başmüdür | Diyarbakır | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1885/86AH 1303 | Başmüdür | Diyarbakır | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1886/87AH 1304 | Başmüdür | Aleppo (Halep) | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1887/88AH 1305 | Başmüdür | Aleppo (Halep) | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1888/89AH 1306 | Başmüdür | Aleppo (Halep) | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1889/90AH 1307 | Başmüdür | Aleppo (Halep) | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1890/91AH 1308 | Başmüdür | Aleppo (Halep) | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1891/92AH 1309 | Başmüdür | Aleppo (Halep) | 3,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1892/93AH 1310 | Başmüdür | Adana | 3,500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1893/94AH 1311 | Başmüdür | Adana | 3,500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1894/95AH 1312 | Başmüdür | Adana | 3,500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1895/96AH 1313 | PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 5,600 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1896/97AH 1314 | PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 5,040 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1897/98AH 1315 | PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 6,040 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1898/99AH 1316 | PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 6,040 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1899/1900AH 1317 | PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 6,040 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1900/01AH 1318 | PT Nezareti Muhasebeciligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 6,040 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 0002_0155; 308 |
| 1902/03AH 1320 | Meclis-i Maliye Azaligi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 6,000 | Other | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 0002_0155; 308 |
What the sources named in this table are
- Cross-ministry personnel workbook
- A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
Sources and original values (30)
| Field | Recorded value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Identity | ||
| Name | Mahmut Bedri Efendi | Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Linked personnel workbook |
| Birth year (AH) | 1259 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace | nis | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: district (kaza) | Nis | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: sancak | Nis | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: province (vilayet) | Tuna | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Province of birth | tuna | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Religion | Musluman | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Nationality or community | Turkish | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Schooling | ||
| School | Rusdiye Mektebi | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Years of schooling | 7 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Years of apprenticeship (mülazemet) | 1 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work | ||
| First work: year (AH) | 1278 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Linked personnel workbook |
| First work: Gregorian year as stored | 1861 | Recovered annual personnel extract |
| First work: place | Nis | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: district (kaza) | nis | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: sancak | nis | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: province (vilayet) | tuna | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First job as worded | Rusumat Kalemi | Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Age at first work (workbook field) | 19 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First salary field (kuruş a month) | 100 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month) | 100 | Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Honours | ||
| Rank (recorded code) | 1 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Mecidi order (recorded code) | 1 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Osmani order (recorded code) | 2 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Medal (recorded code) | 1 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Legal records | ||
| Judicial record (recorded code) | 1 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Legal record note as worded | İdaresizlikten / muamelat-ı hesabiyece su-i istimalatı ve idaresizliği teybin eylemesine mebni sene-i merkum Rebiülahirinin dördünde (7 Temmuz sene 317) azledilmiştir. used on this page | Legal notes (earlier workbook copy); Legal notes (later workbook copy) |
| Legal record note as worded | İdaresizlikten other value | Legal notes (earlier workbook copy); Legal notes (later workbook copy) |
| Other recorded values | ||
| Merit and competence grade (recorded code) | 1 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
What the sources named in this table are
- Legal notes (earlier workbook copy)
- A workbook of notes on legal records. The wording is kept as written. It may hold an accusation or an acquittal, it is not the finding of a court, and its year is the year of the record, not the date of an event.
- Legal notes (later workbook copy)
- A later copy of the workbook of notes on legal records. The same wording in both copies is one note, not two.
- Cross-ministry personnel workbook
- A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
- Earlier annual personnel extract
- The detailed annual personnel file of October 2024. An official found only in this file keeps the years, titles and salaries it gives.
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
- Personnel attributes extract
- The detailed personnel file of September 2025, read for personal details such as birth, schooling and first work.
- Linked personnel workbook
- The original personnel workbook, from which selected fields on background and first work are taken.
- The sources give more than one value for a marked field. Every value is listed.
- Origin of the record: Post and Telegraph personnel records.
- 32 annual entries of 37 belong to the saved estimation sample of the paper.
How to read this record: calendar years, years without an annual entry, salaries and sources.
Subjects
- Mahmut Bedri Efendi
- Chief director (Başmüdür)
- Istanbul (Dersaadet)
- Niš (Niş)
- Rüşdiye school (Rüşdiye Mektebi)
- Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Biography of an Ottoman official (Osmanlı memurunun biyografisi)
- Career and pay (memuriyet ve maaş)
- Ottoman history (Osmanlı tarihi)
- Ottoman bureaucracy (Osmanlı bürokrasisi)
- Ottoman officials (Osmanlı'da memurlar)
- Ottoman personnel registers (Sicill-i Ahvâl defterleri)
- Ottoman registers (Osmanlı defterleri)