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Ottoman BureaucracyPeople, places and careers in Ottoman public service

Job title

Müfettiş

Inspector

Group of job titles: Inspection and control

Stored spellings: Mufettis; mufettis

109 officials held the job title Müfettiş. Its 595 annual entries run from 1858 to 1911 (AH 1275 to 1329). The median of the 595 recorded monthly salaries is 2,000 kuruş, against 500 kuruş for the whole collection in the same years. The median entry paid 4 times the collection median of its year. On average an official was paid more than 94 per cent of the other officials with a salary in the same year. Half of the officials have an entry in it in no more than 4 different years, and a quarter in 7 or more. It was the first title on record for 1 per cent of the officials and the last for 32 per cent. The title held just before it by most officials is Müfettiş Muavini (23 officials), and the title held just after it by most officials is Başmüdür (35 officials). The entries name 50 places. The place with the largest number of officials is Istanbul, with 15.

Officials
109
Years on recordAH 1275 to 1329, 55 years with an entry
1858 to 1911
Median monthly salary4× the collection median of the same years (500 kuruş)
2,000 kuruş
Places with officials
50
First job title on recordfor 1 of the 109 officials
0.9%

What the job was

Inspector (müfettiş) of the post and telegraph service. Inspectors watched over the offices and lines of a region, and the directors of the offices answered to them.

Duties

  • travel to the offices and lines of a region and see that the service works regularly
  • test telegraph lines and offices
  • keep a journal of findings and actions

Rank and pay

Under the regulation of 1876 the inspectors of the provinces answered to the chief directors of posts and of telegraphs. In the registers the most frequent salary of an inspector was 2,000 kuruş a month up to the general reduction of 1897 and 1,800 kuruş after it.

History

At first only Europeans held the eight inspectorships of the telegraph. In 1877 settled inspectorships at the centre and travelling ones in the provinces were set up to test lines and offices; in 1880 they were abolished to save money and sergeant majors (başçavuş) took their place, until İzzet Efendi restored them less than a year later and asked for well-educated science inspectors (fen müfettişi).

Sources

  1. Davison, Roderic H. (1990). The advent of the electric telegraph in the Ottoman Empire. In Essays in Ottoman and Turkish History, 1774-1923, 133-165. Austin: University of Texas Press. Read in the Turkish translation by Durdu Mehmet Burak, OTAM 14 (2003), 347-386; pages are those of the translation.Pages or part: 373, 377. Used for: duties, history.
  2. Güneş, Mahir Melih (2026). Anadolu'da Telgrafın Toplumsal Tarihi (1856-1908). Doctoral thesis, Hacettepe University. Online copy (read 11 October 2026).Pages or part: 115. Used for: summary.
  3. Okan, Ayşegül (2003). The Ottoman postal and telegraph services in the last quarter of the nineteenth century. MA thesis, Boğaziçi University, Atatürk Institute for Modern Turkish History.Pages or part: 49, 103-104. Used for: summary, duties, rank and pay, history.
  4. The school and the office: training, entry and pay in the Ottoman Post and Telegraph service, 1870-1905. Working paper, 2026 (the paper behind this collection; its Section II reports Akyıldız 2024, Ata 2022 and Ayhan and Maviş 1994).Pages or part: Table A17. Used for: rank and pay.
All years

Monthly salary each year

The median of the 595 recorded monthly salaries is 2,000 kuruş, the mean 2,227 kuruş.
01,0002,0003,0004,0001858/59AH 12751863/64AH 12801868/69AH 12851873/74AH 12901878AH 12951882/83AH 13001887/88AH 13051892/93AH 13101897/98AH 13151902/03AH 13201907/08AH 1325Median 1,500 kuruş in 1909/10Müfettiş, median of years with 5 or more salariesMean of the same yearsWhole collectionFewer than 5 salaries, not joined to the line

The same numbers as a table
Monthly salary each year in kuruş, Müfettiş
YearRecorded salariesMedianMeanLower quartileUpper quartileMedian of the whole collection
1858/5913,0003,0003,0003,000500
1859/6013,0003,0003,0003,000500
1860/6122,1502,1501,7252,575500
1861/6222,6502,6501,9753,325600
1862/6334,0004,0004,0004,000500
1863/6444,0003,7503,7504,000500
1864/6544,0003,687.53,687.54,000625
1865/6664,0003,791.674,0004,000650
1866/6754,0003,7504,0004,000600
1867/6883,7503,2502,3754,000600
1868/69103,3003,1102,2503,875600
1869/70113,5003,090.912,5003,750600
1870/71143,5003,332.142,887.54,000600
1871/72103,0003,1102,7753,375550
1872/73122,8502,841.672,7253,125550
1873/74133,0002,696.152,5003,000500
1874/75183,0002,711.112,5003,000535
1875/76212,5002,5002,0003,000530
1876/77152,0002,3701,9003,000575
1877/78152,0002,1501,6252,500560
1878142,0002,246.431,562.52,875600
1878/79132,0002,1501,5002,500600
1879/8082,0002,6751,8752,800500
1880/81152,0002,2602,0002,000500
1881/82142,0001,978.572,0002,000500
1882/83142,0001,982.142,0002,000500
1883/84162,0002,093.752,0002,000500
1884/85162,0002,093.752,0002,000500
1885/86152,0002,1002,0002,000500
1886/87152,0002,1002,0002,000500
1887/88162,0002,062.52,0002,000500
1888/89142,0001,957.142,0002,000500
1889/90112,0001,9002,0002,000500
1890/91142,0001,9752,0002,000500
1891/92122,0001,958.332,0002,000500
1892/93152,0001,903.332,0002,000500
1893/94152,0001,913.332,0002,000500
1894/95132,0001,853.851,5002,000500
1895/96152,0001,833.331,6002,000500
1896/97151,8001,693.331,6651,800500
1897/98141,8001,683.571,5751,800500
1898/99141,8001,737.141,7101,800500
1899/1900141,8001,751.431,7101,800500
1900/01151,8001,789.331,6501,940500
1901/02131,8001,836.921,8002,000500
1902/03121,8401,856.671,7252,000500
1903/0491,8001,808.891,8002,000475
1904/0572,0001,864.291,6502,000450
1905/0662,0002,091.671,8502,187.5475
1906/0781,8001,8501,5002,000450
1907/0852,0002,0601,8002,000300
1908/0971,5001,657.141,5001,800350
1909/10111,5001,727.271,5001,750462.5
1910/1131,7501,7501,6251,875500
191121,8751,8751,812.51,937.5500

Salaries are nominal monthly amounts in kuruş, as assigned. The thick line is the median of each year and the thin line the mean. A year with fewer than 5 recorded salaries is drawn as an open mark and is not joined to the line.

Pay against the whole collection

Officials by their median monthly salary in this job
Officials of this jobWhole collection
6%70%24%01002003004005007501,0001,5002,500

109 officials with a salary, each counted once in the band of the median of the official's salaries in this job. A bar runs from its number to the next; the last is 2,500 kuruş and more. Most officials (70%) are in the band 1,500 to 2,500 kuruş.

The same numbers as a table
Officials of Müfettiş by median monthly salary
Median monthly salary, kuruşOfficialsShareWhole collection
0 to 10000%3%
100 to 20000%10%
200 to 30000%17%
300 to 40000%18%
400 to 50000%17%
500 to 75000%23%
750 to 1,00000%5%
1,000 to 1,50076%4%
1,500 to 2,5007670%2%
2,500 and more2624%1%

The median of the 595 recorded monthly salaries of this job is 2,000 kuruş. In the same years the whole collection paid a median of 500 kuruş. The median entry paid 4× the collection median of its year, and the middle half of the entries between 3.6× and 4.8×. On average an official of this job was paid more than 94% of the other paid officials of the same year.

Times the collection median4×0.25×0.5×1×2×4×8×Share of paid officials earning less94%0%25%50%75%100%

The dot is the median, the box the middle half of the entries. Dashed lines: the collection median of the same years (1×) and the middle of the paid officials (50%).

Where the job was held

All years
50 places with officials on record, 50 of them with a position on the map. A larger dot means more officials.
Seat of a province (vilayet) Seat of a sancak District (kaza) Other place Office or region
Istanbul (Dersaadet)Aleppo (Halep)EdirneThessaloniki (Selanik)KonyaDiyarbakırSivasBaghdad (Bağdat)YemenFurther places15 officials1 official

The 10 places with most officials, of 50, all years
PlaceOfficialsRemark
Istanbul (Dersaadet)15
Aleppo (Halep)14
Edirne12
Thessaloniki (Selanik)12
Konya9
Diyarbakır8
Sivas8
Baghdad (Bağdat)7
Beirut (Beyrut)7
Erzurum7

Career paths: the titles just before and after

The number is the officials who made the move. Under it, the median change of the monthly salary: the first salary of the later title less the last salary of the earlier one, where at least 5 moves have both.

Held just before

The title of the entries just before a run of Müfettiş. Pay: the change on moving from that title to Müfettiş. The 8 titles with most officials, of 126 moves in all.

  1. Müfettiş Muaviniassistant inspector23pay +420 kuruş (+33%)
  2. 1. Müdürdirector of the first grade17pay +600 kuruş (+50%)
  3. Müdürdirector17pay +300 kuruş (+15%)
  4. 2. Müdürdirector of the second grade13pay +720 kuruş (+76%)
  5. Başmüdürchief director5pay -500 kuruş (-20%)
  6. Müdür Muaviniassistant director4
  7. Mufettis Vekili4
  8. Muhabere Memurucommunications official (telegraph operator)2

Held just after

The title of the entries just after a run of Müfettiş. Pay: the change on moving from Müfettiş to that title. The 8 titles with most officials, of 92 moves in all.

  1. Başmüdürchief director35pay +500 kuruş (+22%)
  2. Müdürdirector8pay -250 kuruş (-8%)
  3. Meclis Azaligi4
  4. Komisyon Azasi3
  5. Müfettiş Muaviniassistant inspector3
  6. Seyyar Mufettis3
  7. 1. Müdürdirector of the first grade2
  8. Başkomiserchief police commissioner2

Of the 147 moves shown, 13 cross at least one year without an annual entry; nothing is known about those years. Two posts held in the same years are not counted as a move.

Time in the job

Years with an entry in the job
4 yearsmedian over 109 officials
A quarter of the officials
7 years or moreupper quartile
Most years of one official
29 years
  1. First job title on recordthe first year with an entry with a job title has it0.9%1 official
  2. Last job title on recordthe last such year has it32%35 officials
  3. No other job titlein the whole record0%0 officials
  4. One place in the jobof 109 officials with a place recorded50%54 officials

Years are years with an annual entry in the job, each counted once for an official. They need not follow one another, and nothing is known about a year without an entry. With two posts in the first or last year, both count.

Who held the job

Officials of this jobWhole collection

Community

109 officials with it recorded.

  1. Muslim (Müslüman)89%97
  2. Christian (Hristiyan)5%5
  3. Greek Orthodox Christian (Rum)5%5
  4. Armenian Christian (Ermeni)0.9%1
  5. Latin Catholic (Latin)0.9%1

Age at the first annual entry in the job

109 officials with it recorded.

  1. under 150%0
  2. 15 to 190%0
  3. 20 to 240.9%1
  4. 25 to 296%6
  5. 30 to 3421%23
  6. 35 to 3927%29
  7. 40 and over46%50

Province of birth

102 officials with it recorded. 15 other values not shown.

  1. Istanbul (Dersaadet) province47%48
  2. Aleppo (Halep) province6%6
  3. Danube (Tuna) province6%6
  4. Mamuretülaziz province6%6
  5. Eastern Rumelia (Rumeli-i Şarkî) province5%5
  6. Beirut (Beyrut) province4%4
  7. Kastamonu province3%3
  8. Sivas province3%3

Schooling

106 officials with it recorded. An official can have several, so the shares add up to more than 100%. The groups of the schools recorded for each official.

  1. Primary33%35
  2. Rüşdiye33%35
  3. Higher or professional31%33
  4. Other named school8%9
  5. Darüşşafaka8%8
  6. Community school4%4
  7. İdadi3%3
  8. Foreign school2%2
  9. Religious school (medrese)0.9%1

Languages

108 officials with it recorded. An official can have several, so the shares add up to more than 100%. 2 other values not shown.

  1. Turkish99%107
  2. French33%36
  3. Arabic28%30
  4. Greek (Rum)12%13
  5. Persian10%11
  6. English6%7
  7. Italian6%7
  8. Bulgarian4%4

Qualification

108 officials with it recorded. A diploma, certificate, training or decoration (nişan) recorded in the schooling or the work.

  1. No81%87
  2. Yes19%21

Officials on record each year

The fullest year is 1875/76 (AH 1292) with 21 officials. Years with an annual entry: 55.
05101520251858/59AH 12751863/64AH 12801868/69AH 12851873/74AH 12901878AH 12951882/83AH 13001887/88AH 13051892/93AH 13101897/98AH 13151902/03AH 13201907/08AH 132521 in 1875/76Recorded in an earlier year tooFirst recorded in this year

The same numbers as a table
Officials on record each year, Müfettiş
YearOfficials on recordFirst recordedAnnual entries
1858/59 (AH 1275)111
1859/60 (AH 1276)101
1860/61 (AH 1277)212
1861/62 (AH 1278)202
1862/63 (AH 1279)323
1863/64 (AH 1280)414
1864/65 (AH 1281)404
1865/66 (AH 1282)626
1866/67 (AH 1283)505
1867/68 (AH 1284)838
1868/69 (AH 1285)10210
1869/70 (AH 1286)11211
1870/71 (AH 1287)14414
1871/72 (AH 1288)10210
1872/73 (AH 1289)12212
1873/74 (AH 1290)13313
1874/75 (AH 1291)18518
1875/76 (AH 1292)21421
1876/77 (AH 1293)15115
1877/78 (AH 1294)15415
1878 (AH 1295)14214
1878/79 (AH 1296)13313
1879/80 (AH 1297)828
1880/81 (AH 1298)15415
1881/82 (AH 1299)14214
1882/83 (AH 1300)14114
1883/84 (AH 1301)16216
1884/85 (AH 1302)16116
1885/86 (AH 1303)15015
1886/87 (AH 1304)15115
1887/88 (AH 1305)16116
1888/89 (AH 1306)14114
1889/90 (AH 1307)11011
1890/91 (AH 1308)14214
1891/92 (AH 1309)12112
1892/93 (AH 1310)15315
1893/94 (AH 1311)15415
1894/95 (AH 1312)13313
1895/96 (AH 1313)15415
1896/97 (AH 1314)15115
1897/98 (AH 1315)14114
1898/99 (AH 1316)14414
1899/1900 (AH 1317)14114
1900/01 (AH 1318)15315
1901/02 (AH 1319)13213
1902/03 (AH 1320)12112
1903/04 (AH 1321)929
1904/05 (AH 1322)727
1905/06 (AH 1323)616
1906/07 (AH 1324)848
1907/08 (AH 1325)505
1908/09 (AH 1326)757
1909/10 (AH 1327)11611
1910/11 (AH 1328)303
1911 (AH 1329)202

An official is counted once in a year. First recorded is the first year in which the collection has an annual entry of the official on this page. It is not a hiring date.

Places

Show the other 25 places

Ottoman officials recorded

109 officials, the one with most annual entries first. The first 25 are shown, the others are under them.

Officials of Müfettiş
OfficialYearsAnnual entriesKuruş a monthBirthplace
Odi Efendi1862 to 1897291,800 to 4,000Paris
Jul Lekaye Efendi1868 to 1897261,800 to 3,800Fransa
Nikola Colini Efendi1877 to 1901252,000 to 2,400Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Hüseyin Hilmi Bey1882 to 1898161,800 to 2,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Hüsnü Efendi1877 to 1894151,500 to 2,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmed Raşid Efendi1878 to 1893151,500 to 2,000Tekirdağ
Antonoviç Efendi1867 to 1881142,000 to 3,500Lehistan
İsmail Rahmi Efendi1895 to 1908131,800 to 3,000Bitola (Manastır)
Mehmed Şevket Bey1871 to 1891122,000 to 5,000Safranbolu
Mustafa Efendi1888 to 1900121,500 to 2,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ahmet Rifat Efendi1877 to 1894112,000 to 4,000Ruse (Rusçuk)
Hasan Hüsnü Efendi1890 to 1902111,800 to 2,000Trabzon
Mehmet Zeki Efendi1875 to 1888111,200 to 2,000Sofia (Sofya)
Ömer Hilmi Efendi1880 to 1892111,750 to 2,500Kemaliye (Eğin)
Ömer Hilmi Efendi1880 to 1891111,400 to 2,500Ekin
Abdürrahim Efendi1872 to 1883101,750 to 2,000Sidon (Sayda)
Galyar İskender Efendi1875 to 1891102,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Hüseyin Hayrettin Efendi1865 to 1876102,850 to 4,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mustafa Agah Efendi1862 to 1872102,750 to 4,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Bekir Efendi1897 to 190691,500 to 2,250Kirkuk (Kerkük)
Hızır Abbas Efendi1894 to 190391,080 to 1,500Beirut (Beyrut)
Hüseyin Lebib Efendi1865 to 187593,500 to 4,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mazhar Tevfik Efendi1903 to 191191,800 to 2,000Trikala (Tırhala)
Mehmet Rasim Efendi1880 to 188992,000Silivri
Hacı Ömer Efendi1858 to 186683,000 to 4,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Show the other 84 officials
Officials of Müfettiş, continued
OfficialYearsAnnual entriesKuruş a monthBirthplace
Mustafa Efendi1863 to 187184,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Yaşar Şazi Efendi1895 to 190381,530 to 2,000Niš (Niş)
Abdülhalim Bey1868 to 187572,000 to 3,000Plovdiv (Filibe)
Ahmet Niyazi Efendi1893 to 190071,080 to 2,000Serres (Siroz)
Ahmet Şakir Efendi1874 to 188171,500 to 2,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
İbrahim Agah Efendi1881 to 188872,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Mazhar Bey1870 to 187772,000 to 3,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Vahit Sıtkı Efendi1896 to 190371,800Aleppo (Halep)
Salih Necati Efendi1898 to 190571,500Damascus (Şam)
Haci Tahsin Efendi1880 to 188662,000Trabzon
İbrahim Ethem Efendi1893 to 189961,800 to 2,000Plovdiv (Filibe)
Artin Aram Efendi1870 to 187653,000 to 4,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Emil Efendi1867 to 187652,000 to 2,750Aleppo (Halep)
Hacı Mehmet Reşit Efendi1898 to 190351,800 to 2,000Baghdad (Bağdat)
Jory Raymon Efendi1867 to 187252,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mahmut Hamdi Bey1898 to 190651,800 to 2,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mahmut Raşit Efendi1893 to 189851,800 to 2,000Harput
Mehmet Şevket Efendi1883 to 188852,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Osman Efendi1893 to 189851,350 to 1,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Şefik Efendi1898 to 190451,500 to 1,800Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Abbas Rüştü Efendi1905 to 190941,500Yozgat
Ahmet Efendi1872 to 187642,500 to 3,000Arapgir
Asaf Bey1874 to 188942,000 to 3,000Plovdiv (Filibe)
Bekir Efendi1873 to 187743,000 to 3,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ethem Efendi1878 to 188442,000 to 2,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Hacı Abdurrahim Muhsin Efendi1904 to 190842,000Siirt
Hüseyin Azmi Efendi1908 to 191141,750 to 2,000Kastamonu
Mahmut Hilmi Efendi1884 to 188842,000Kemaliye (Eğin)
Mehmet Talat Efendi1878 to 188241,500 to 2,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Osman Nureddin Efendi1875 to 187842,000 to 3,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Osman Nuri Efendi1901 to 190542,000 to 2,500Arapgir
Abdülkerim Efendi1870 to 187431,500 to 4,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ahmet Rıfat Efendi1870 to 187332,850Varna
Hacı Mahmut Rifat Efendi1869 to 187232,500 to 3,000Aleppo (Halep)
Hüseyin Hasan Efendi1901 to 190431,800Istanbul (Dersaadet)
İbrahim Kâmil Efendi1874 to 187733,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Kostantin De Martin Efendi1877 to 187931,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Şakir Efendi1900 to 190331,800Siverek
Mehmet Şevki Efendi1895 to 189831,800 to 2,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mustafa Efendi1873 to 187632,500Sivas
Mustafa Neşe Bey1881 to 189432,000 to 2,200Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Süleyman Fevzi Efendi1875 to 187832,000Gelibolu
Yanko Makridi Efendi1883 to 188633,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ahmet Cavit Bey1874 to 187621,750Plovdiv (Filibe)
Ahmet Efendi1902 to 190422,000 to 2,500Malatya
Ahmet Zuhtu Bey1879 to 188126,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Bahattin Bey1871 to 187623,000 to 3,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
İbrahim Suphi Efendi1899 to 190121,800Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Jan Holoşki Bin Jozef1860 to 186221,300Lehistan
Mahmut Bedri Efendi1879 to 188122,000Niš (Niş)
Mehmet Ali Bey1892 to 189421,350Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Asaf Efendi1906 to 190821,500 to 2,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Efendi1908 to 191021,500 to 1,800Aleppo (Halep)
Mehmet Emin Efendi1909 to 191121,500Aydın
Mehmet Tevfik Bey1876 to 187823,000Cairo (Kahire)
Mehmet Tevfik Efendi1878 to 188022,400 to 2,500Trabzon
Mustafa İzzet Bey1894 to 189621,200Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mustafa Ziver Efendi1908 to 191021,500Stara Zagora (Eski Zağra)
Yusuf Cemal Efendi1900 to 190221,500Cerkezistan
Ahmet Bahaattin Efendi1908/0911,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ahmet Rüştü Efendi1903/0411,800Mudurnu
Ali Rıza Efendi1894/9512,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Balyan Jozef Efendi1886/8712,000Ankara
Edmon Mone Efendi187811,500Marsilya
Hafiz İbrahim Nefʻî Efendi1906/0712,000Veliko Tarnovo (Tırnova)
Hasan Basri Efendi1909/1013,000Çanakkale
Hasan Cemal Efendi1895/9611,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Kadri Efendi1891/9212,000Sivas
Mahmut Efendi1892/9311,200Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Asaf Efendi1906/0711,800Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Enver Efendi1900/0111,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Raif Efendi1906/0711,200Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Zühtü Efendi1892/9312,000Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Muhyiddin Nuri Efendi1874/7513,000Sivas
Mustafa Esir Efendi1909/1011,500Cebeli lubnan
Neşet Efendi1909/1011,750Mardin
Susa Selim Nikoli Efendi1869/7012,500Beirut (Beyrut)
Yusuf Vasfi Efendi1909/1011,500Aleppo (Halep)
Zeynelabidin Efendi1909/1011,500Gjirokastër (Ergiri)
Unnamed official (26_188; 371)1887 to 189362,000Kilis
Unnamed official (0049_0034; 65)1890 to 189442,000Thessaloniki (Selanik)
Unnamed official (0002_0176; 350)1873 to 187632,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Unnamed official (0086_0164:323)1908 to 191021,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Unnamed official (0067_0245; sayfa no:487)1904/0511,500Istanbul (Dersaadet)

Years run from the first to the last annual entry. An official without a recorded name is listed after the named officials.

How to read these records: years and calendars, what first recorded means, gaps between annual entries, and salaries.

Subjects