Official
Raif Efendi
Muslim (Müslüman). Born in Istanbul (Dersaadet) in 1839/40 (AH 1255). On record 1859 to 1900, 40 annual entries.
Archive reference 51_149; 293
Life#
Raif Efendi was born in Istanbul in 1839/40 (AH 1255) into the Muslim (Müslüman) community. Schooling took seven years, at a middle school (Rüşdiye Mektebi).
Work began in Istanbul in 1851/52, at about 13, with one unpaid year as a mülazım (apprentice) before a first salary of 10 kuruş. The first annual entry, for 1859/60, places Raif in Serres (Siroz) as a postal official (Posta Memuru), where the entries run to 1861/62. Raif then moved to 14 places in 27 years, from Istanbul to Lasid, with a rise to communications official (Muhabere Memuru) in 1863/64. From 1888 to 1900 every annual entry places Raif in Isparta. Few officials served in as many places; 5 of the 5,200 officials with a place of service did. Entries spanning 42 years are rare, reached by fewer than 3 per cent of the 5,211 officials.
Pay rose from 500 kuruş a month in 1859/60 to a peak of 1,200 in 1867/68, as a director of the first grade (1. Müdür) in Eskişehir, when 76 per cent of paid officials earned less. Over 40 years the salaries add up to 372,840 kuruş, 1.5 times what an official on the median salary earned. The final annual entry is for 1899/1900.
Places in order of time#
Each number is a stop: the birthplace, the place of first work, then every place of the annual entries in turn. The year beside an arrow is the first entry at the new place.
Born 1839/40 (AH 1255); First work 1851/52 (AH 1268)
1880 to 1882 (AH 1298 to 1299)
No annual entry for 1879/80 (AH 1297) before it.
600 kuruş a month; entries in 2 years
1883 to 1887 (AH 1301 to 1304)
No annual entry for 1882/83 (AH 1300) before it.
760 kuruş a month; entries in 4 years
Career and salary#
Log scale: equal steps are equal ratios. The median of the same title is drawn for the years in which at least 5 officials with that title had a salary.
The numbers of the chart
| Year | Salary | Median, all officials | Median, same title | Paid less |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1859/60 | 500 | 500 | 49% | |
| 1860/61 | 500 | 500 | 375 | 36% |
| 1861/62 | 500 | 600 | 300 | 34% |
| 1862/63 | 250 | 500 | 12% | |
| 1863/64 | 750 | 500 | 500 | 58% |
| 1864/65 | 720 | 625 | 570 | 52% |
| 1865/66 | 720 | 650 | 576 | 52% |
| 1866/67 | 1,000 | 600 | 1,000 | 67% |
| 1867/68 | 1,200 | 600 | 1,200 | 76% |
| 1868/69 | 1,000 | 600 | 1,000 | 70% |
| 1869/70 | 1,200 | 600 | 1,200 | 80% |
| 1870/71 | 1,000 | 600 | 1,000 | 72% |
| 1871/72 | 850 | 550 | 855 | 73% |
| 1872/73 | 850 | 550 | 850 | 73% |
| 1873/74 | 850 | 500 | 830 | 73% |
| 1874/75 | 850 | 535 | 800 | 73% |
| 1875/76 | 850 | 530 | 850 | 74% |
| 1876/77 | 800 | 582.5 | 800 | 67% |
| 1877/78 | 800 | 560 | 800 | 68% |
| 1878 | 800 | 600 | 800 | 65% |
| 1878/79 | 800 | 600 | 800 | 66% |
| 1880/81 | 600 | 500 | 600 | 60% |
| 1881/82 | 600 | 500 | 600 | 60% |
| 1883/84 | 760 | 500 | 800 | 73% |
| 1884/85 | 760 | 500 | 800 | 73% |
| 1885/86 | 760 | 500 | 800 | 75% |
| 1886/87 | 760 | 500 | 800 | 75% |
| 1887/88 | 760 | 500 | 800 | 74% |
| 1888/89 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 77% |
| 1889/90 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 78% |
| 1890/91 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 79% |
| 1891/92 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 79% |
| 1892/93 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 80% |
| 1893/94 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 80% |
| 1894/95 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 81% |
| 1895/96 | 800 | 500 | 800 | 80% |
| 1896/97 | 720 | 500 | 765 | 81% |
| 1897/98 | 720 | 500 | 778.5 | 81% |
| 1898/99 | 720 | 500 | 800 | 80% |
| 1899/1900 | 720 | 500 | 783 | 79% |
Paid less: the share of the other officials with a salary that year who earned less.
Point at a year for its salary, title, place and the median of all officials paid that year. Choose a row of the table to mark its years in the charts and its stop on the map.
| Years | Title | Place | Salary (kuruş a month) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1851/52AH 1268 | First work | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 10first-salary field |
| 1859 to 1862AH 1276 to 1278 | Posta Memuru | Serres (Siroz) | 500 |
| 1862/63AH 1279 | Sevk Kalemi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 250 |
| 1863/64AH 1280 | Muhabere Memuru | Mudurnu | 750 |
| 1864 to 1866AH 1281 to 1282 | Muhabere Memuru | İzmit | 720 |
| 1866/67AH 1283 | 2. Müdür | Osmaneli (Lefke) | 1,000 |
| 1867/68AH 1284 | 1. Müdür | Eskişehir | 1,200 |
| 1868/69AH 1285 | 2. Müdür | Nablus | 1,000 |
| 1869/70AH 1286 | 1. Müdür | Acre (Akka) | 1,200 |
| 1870/71AH 1287 | 2. Müdür | Muzayrib (Müzeyrib) | 1,000 |
| 1871 to 1875AH 1288 to 1291 | 2. Müdür | Latakia (Lazkiye) | 850 |
| 1875/76AH 1292 | 2. Müdür | Mersin | 850 |
| 1876 to 1879AH 1293 to 1296 | 2. Müdür | Silifke | 800 |
| No annual entry: 1879/80 (AH 1297) | |||
| 1880 to 1882AH 1298 to 1299 | 3. Müdür | Komotini (Gümülcine) | 600 |
| No annual entry: 1882/83 (AH 1300) | |||
| 1883 to 1887AH 1301 to 1304 | 2. Müdür | Rethymno (Resmo) | 760 |
| 1887/88AH 1305 | 2. Müdür | Lasid | 760 |
| 1888 to 1900AH 1306 to 1317 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 to 720 |
Record#
Personal
- Born
- 1839/40 (AH 1255)
- Birthplace
- Istanbul (Dersaadet)
- Community
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Nationality as recorded
- Turkish
Education
- Rüşdiye
- Rüşdiye Mektebi (7 years)rüşdiye school (middle school)
- Unpaid years (mülazemet)
- 1 year
- Preparation route (classification of the paper)
- Low
- Qualification (diploma, certificate, training or nişan)
- No
The years count all schooling up to that school, as the record gives them.
Languages
- Turkish
- Kitabetwriting
The glosses are cautious historical readings of the recorded words, not modern levels of proficiency.
First work
- Year
- 1851/52 (AH 1268)
- Place
- Istanbul (Dersaadet)
- First salary field (kuruş a month)
- 10
Legal records
- Legal record note as worded
- Zimmet / Mumaileyhin hesabatının rüyeti için Başmüdüriyet'ten i‘zam kılınan Muavin Esat ve müdüriyet vekaletine mükeffilen Ürgüp Memuru Tevfik Efendilerle hükümetten tayin olunan memur marifetiyle ziyaını iddia ederek muahharan ketme ihtilas ettiği tebeyyün eden kesriyenin yüz liralık emanetinden ez-gayr-ı ibka bakiye-i zimmeti olan seksen liradan maada bu kere üç yüz on bir senesinden üç yüz on altı senesi Eylülü nihayetine kadar rüyet ettirilen hesabıyla tetkik olunan emanat muamelatı neticesinde on altı parçada yedi bin altı yüz on dört kuruşluk emanetle dört yüz kuruş kıymetli bir numune ihtilasatı tebeyyün etmiş ve şu halde mecmu zimmeti on altı bin on dört kuruşa baliğ olarak bundan sekiz parçada iki bin beş yüz on dört kuruş taht-ı itirafında olup diğer sekiz parçada beş bin yüz kuruşluk emanetle mezkur dört yüz kuruşluk numunenin makbuz senedini zayi ettiğini ifade eylediği anlaşılmış olduğundan iş bu hâliyle beka-yı memuriyeti haiz olamayacağından bin üç yüz on sekiz senesi Recebinin on ikisinde yirmi dört Teşrinievvel sene 1316 Melis-i İdare kararıyla azledildiği Şube-i mezkurenin 23 Cemaziyelahir sene 1319 tarihli vukuat pusulasında gösterilmiştir.; Zimmet
Recorded with#
Officials who share a place, a job title, a school, a birthplace or the year of the first annual entry. Ranks compare the highest monthly salary of each official.
Same place, same years
Of the 7 officials with entries in Isparta in the same years, Raif Efendi had the 2nd highest salary.
- İsmail Nuri Efendi7 shared years; highest salary 600 kuruş
- Ohannes Fikri Efendi3 shared years; highest salary 500 kuruş
- Unnamed official (0087_0148, sayfa no:293.)1 shared year; highest salary 1,300 kuruş
- MEHMET RÜŞTÜ EFENDİ1 shared year; highest salary 540 kuruş
- Ali Niyazi Efendi1 shared year; highest salary 500 kuruş
Same job title, same years
Of the 403 officials with the title 2. Müdür in the same years, Raif Efendi had the 136th highest salary.
- Hüseyin Rüştü Efendi28 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Mehmet İzzet Efendi27 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Nakip Efendi27 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Hasan Tahsin Efendi26 shared years; highest salary 1,300 kuruş
- Mehmet Nakib Efendi24 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
Same school
Of the 3,206 officials with Rüşdiye Mektebi among their schools, 3,200 have a recorded salary; Raif Efendi had the 215th highest salary of them.
- Hacı Mehmet Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 550 kuruş
- Hacı Osman Nuri Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 1,250 kuruş
- İsmail Zühdü Beyborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 2,500 kuruş
- Mehmet Tahir Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 1,200 kuruş
- Nebil Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 800 kuruş
Same birthplace
Of the 1,999 officials born in Istanbul, 1,997 have a recorded salary; Raif Efendi had the 282nd highest salary of them.
- Ahmet Hamdi Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Apostolaki Cizli Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 1,440 kuruş
- Hacı Mehmet Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 550 kuruş
- Haci Mehmet Sezayi Beyborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Hacı Osman Nuri Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 1,250 kuruş
First annual entry in the same year
Of the 21 officials whose first annual entry is for 1859/60 (AH 1276), Raif Efendi had the 17th highest salary.
- Ahmet Cavit Beyfirst entry in Plovdiv (Filibe); highest salary 3,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Sait Efendifirst entry in Izmir (İzmir); highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Mustafa Efendifirst entry in Thessaloniki (Selanik); highest salary 1,600 kuruş
- Mustafa İsmet Efendifirst entry in Ruse (Rusçuk); highest salary 1,350 kuruş
- Nikola Efendifirst entry in Beyoğlu; highest salary 1,500 kuruş
Full record
Annual entries (40)
| Year | Title | Place | Kuruş a month | Institution | Source | Archive reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1859/60AH 1276 | Posta Memuru | Serres (Siroz) | 500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1860/61AH 1277 | Posta Memuru | Serres (Siroz) | 500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1861/62AH 1278 | Posta Memuru | Serres (Siroz) | 500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1862/63AH 1279 | Sevk Kalemi | Istanbul (Dersaadet) | 250 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1863/64AH 1280 | Muhabere Memuru | Mudurnu | 750 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1864/65AH 1281 | Muhabere Memuru | İzmit | 720 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1865/66AH 1282 | Muhabere Memuru | İzmit | 720 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1866/67AH 1283 | 2. Müdür | Osmaneli (Lefke) | 1,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1867/68AH 1284 | 1. Müdür | Eskişehir | 1,200 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1868/69AH 1285 | 2. Müdür | Nablus | 1,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1869/70AH 1286 | 1. Müdür | Acre (Akka) | 1,200 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1870/71AH 1287 | 2. Müdür | Muzayrib (Müzeyrib) | 1,000 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1871/72AH 1288 | 2. Müdür | Latakia (Lazkiye) | 850 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1872/73AH 1289 | 2. Müdür | Latakia (Lazkiye) | 850 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1873/74AH 1290 | 2. Müdür | Latakia (Lazkiye) | 850 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1874/75AH 1291 | 2. Müdür | Latakia (Lazkiye) | 850 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1875/76AH 1292 | 2. Müdür | Mersin | 850 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1876/77AH 1293 | 2. Müdür | Silifke | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1877/78AH 1294 | 2. Müdür | Silifke | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1878AH 1295 | 2. Müdür | Silifke | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1878/79AH 1296 | 2. Müdür | Silifke | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1880/81AH 1298 | 3. Müdür | Komotini (Gümülcine) | 600 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1881/82AH 1299 | 3. Müdür | Komotini (Gümülcine) | 600 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1883/84AH 1301 | 2. Müdür | Rethymno (Resmo) | 760 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1884/85AH 1302 | 2. Müdür | Rethymno (Resmo) | 760 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1885/86AH 1303 | 2. Müdür | Rethymno (Resmo) | 760 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1886/87AH 1304 | 2. Müdür | Rethymno (Resmo) | 760 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1887/88AH 1305 | 2. Müdür | Lasid | 760 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1888/89AH 1306 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1889/90AH 1307 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1890/91AH 1308 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1891/92AH 1309 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1892/93AH 1310 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1893/94AH 1311 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1894/95AH 1312 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1895/96AH 1313 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 800 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1896/97AH 1314 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 720 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1897/98AH 1315 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 720 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1898/99AH 1316 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 720 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
| 1899/1900AH 1317 | 2. Müdür | Isparta | 720 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 51_149; 293 |
What the sources named in this table are
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
Sources and original values (15)
| Field | Recorded value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Identity | ||
| Name | Raif Efendi | Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Birth year (AH) | 1255 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Birthplace | dersaadet | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Province of birth | dersaadet | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Religion | Musluman | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Nationality or community | Turkish | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Schooling | ||
| School | rusdiye mektebi | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Years of schooling | 7 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Years of apprenticeship (mülazemet) | 1 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| First work | ||
| First work: year (AH) | 1268 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| First work: Gregorian year as stored | 1852 | Recovered annual personnel extract |
| First work: place | istanbul | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| First salary field (kuruş a month) | 10 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Legal records | ||
| Legal record note as worded | Zimmet / Mumaileyhin hesabatının rüyeti için Başmüdüriyet'ten i‘zam kılınan Muavin Esat ve müdüriyet vekaletine mükeffilen Ürgüp Memuru Tevfik Efendilerle hükümetten tayin olunan memur marifetiyle ziyaını iddia ederek muahharan ketme ihtilas ettiği tebeyyün eden kesriyenin yüz liralık emanetinden ez-gayr-ı ibka bakiye-i zimmeti olan seksen liradan maada bu kere üç yüz on bir senesinden üç yüz on altı senesi Eylülü nihayetine kadar rüyet ettirilen hesabıyla tetkik olunan emanat muamelatı neticesinde on altı parçada yedi bin altı yüz on dört kuruşluk emanetle dört yüz kuruş kıymetli bir numune ihtilasatı tebeyyün etmiş ve şu halde mecmu zimmeti on altı bin on dört kuruşa baliğ olarak bundan sekiz parçada iki bin beş yüz on dört kuruş taht-ı itirafında olup diğer sekiz parçada beş bin yüz kuruşluk emanetle mezkur dört yüz kuruşluk numunenin makbuz senedini zayi ettiğini ifade eylediği anlaşılmış olduğundan iş bu hâliyle beka-yı memuriyeti haiz olamayacağından bin üç yüz on sekiz senesi Recebinin on ikisinde yirmi dört Teşrinievvel sene 1316 Melis-i İdare kararıyla azledildiği Şube-i mezkurenin 23 Cemaziyelahir sene 1319 tarihli vukuat pusulasında gösterilmiştir. used on this page | Legal notes (earlier workbook copy); Legal notes (later workbook copy) |
| Legal record note as worded | Zimmet other value | Legal notes (earlier workbook copy); Legal notes (later workbook copy) |
What the sources named in this table are
- Legal notes (earlier workbook copy)
- A workbook of notes on legal records. The wording is kept as written. It may hold an accusation or an acquittal, it is not the finding of a court, and its year is the year of the record, not the date of an event.
- Legal notes (later workbook copy)
- A later copy of the workbook of notes on legal records. The same wording in both copies is one note, not two.
- Earlier annual personnel extract
- The detailed annual personnel file of October 2024. An official found only in this file keeps the years, titles and salaries it gives.
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
- Personnel attributes extract
- The detailed personnel file of September 2025, read for personal details such as birth, schooling and first work.
- The sources give more than one value for a marked field. Every value is listed.
- Origin of the record: Post and Telegraph personnel records.
- 29 annual entries of 40 belong to the saved estimation sample of the paper.
How to read this record: calendar years, years without an annual entry, salaries and sources.
Subjects
- Raif Efendi
- Director of the second grade (2. Müdür)
- Isparta
- Istanbul (Dersaadet)
- Rüşdiye school (Rüşdiye Mektebi)
- Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf)
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Biography of an Ottoman official (Osmanlı memurunun biyografisi)
- Career and pay (memuriyet ve maaş)
- Ottoman history (Osmanlı tarihi)
- Ottoman bureaucracy (Osmanlı bürokrasisi)
- Ottoman officials (Osmanlı'da memurlar)
- Ottoman personnel registers (Sicill-i Ahvâl defterleri)
- Ottoman registers (Osmanlı defterleri)