Official
Ahmet Refik Efendi
Muslim (Müslüman). Born in Ioannina (Yanya) in 1845 (AH 1261). On record 1867 to 1908, 40 annual entries.
Archive reference 4_285; 564, 565
Life#
Born in Ioannina (Yanya) in 1845 (AH 1261), Ahmet Refik Efendi came from the Muslim (Müslüman) community; the father was a cavalryman holding a fief (sipahi). Few officials knew Albanian; only 18 of the 5,211 officials did.
At about 21, in 1866/67, Ahmet Refik began work in the Zaptiye Kalemi in Ioannina, with one unpaid year as a mülazım (apprentice) before a first salary of 1,250 kuruş. The annual lists begin in 1867/68, with Ahmet Refik as Nahiye Memuru in Ioannina, the birthplace. Ahmet Refik then moved to Varna and Berat from 1869 to 1873, then Gjirokastër (Ergiri) from 1873 to 1888, with a rise to a post in the Land Registry office (Defter-i Hakani Kalemi). The annual lists then follow Ahmet Refik back to Berat from 1888 to 1892, then five places in 15 years. The last post was in Kosova in 1907/08. Entries spanning 42 years are rare, reached by fewer than 3 per cent of the 5,211 officials. Ten places on two continents in all, a number reached by fewer than 4 per cent of the 5,200 officials with a place of service.
The salary went from 1,250 kuruş a month in 1867/68 to 3,600 in 1901/02, the peak, as DH Mufettisi in Elazığ, when 99 per cent of paid officials earned less. The last annual entry is for 1907/08. Ahmet Refik received a rank (rütbe), the Mecidi order and a medal ("Madalya").
Places in order of time#
Each number is a stop: the birthplace, the place of first work, then every place of the annual entries in turn. The year beside an arrow is the first entry at the new place.
Born 1845 (AH 1261); First work 1866/67 (AH 1283); 1867/68 (AH 1284)
First work as Zaptiye Kalemi
1,250 kuruş a month; entries in 1 year
1869/70 (AH 1286)
No annual entry for 1868/69 (AH 1285) before it.
500 kuruş a month; entries in 1 year
1871 to 1873 (AH 1288 to 1289)
No annual entry for 1870/71 (AH 1287) before it.
Arazi Kalemi 1871/72 (AH 1288); DH Baskitabeti 1872/73 (AH 1289)
500 to 600 kuruş a month; entries in 2 years
1873 to 1888 (AH 1290 to 1305)
760 to 950 kuruş a month; entries in 16 years
1893 to 1901 (AH 1311 to 1318)
684 to 760 kuruş a month; entries in 8 years
Career and salary#
Log scale: equal steps are equal ratios. The median of the same title is drawn for the years in which at least 5 officials with that title had a salary.
The numbers of the chart
| Year | Salary | Median, all officials | Median, same title | Paid less |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1867/68 | 1,250 | 600 | 81% | |
| 1869/70 | 500 | 600 | 538 | 41% |
| 1871/72 | 600 | 550 | 975 | 56% |
| 1872/73 | 500 | 550 | 500 | 44% |
| 1873/74 | 950 | 500 | 975 | 77% |
| 1874/75 | 950 | 535 | 1,000 | 77% |
| 1875/76 | 950 | 530 | 975 | 77% |
| 1876/77 | 950 | 582.5 | 950 | 76% |
| 1877/78 | 950 | 560 | 950 | 78% |
| 1878 | 950 | 600 | 950 | 75% |
| 1878/79 | 950 | 600 | 950 | 75% |
| 1879/80 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 74% |
| 1880/81 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 74% |
| 1881/82 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 74% |
| 1882/83 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 73% |
| 1883/84 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 73% |
| 1884/85 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 73% |
| 1885/86 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 75% |
| 1886/87 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 75% |
| 1887/88 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 74% |
| 1888/89 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 75% |
| 1889/90 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 76% |
| 1890/91 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 77% |
| 1891/92 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 78% |
| 1892/93 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 78% |
| 1893/94 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 79% |
| 1894/95 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 79% |
| 1895/96 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 79% |
| 1896/97 | 684 | 500 | 684 | 79% |
| 1897/98 | 684 | 500 | 684 | 79% |
| 1898/99 | 684 | 500 | 684 | 79% |
| 1899/1900 | 684 | 500 | 684 | 77% |
| 1900/01 | 684 | 500 | 684 | 75% |
| 1901/02 | 3,600 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1902/03 | 3,600 | 500 | 99% | |
| 1903/04 | 3,600 | 475 | 99% | |
| 1904/05 | 3,600 | 450 | 99% | |
| 1905/06 | 3,600 | 475 | 99% | |
| 1906/07 | 3,600 | 450 | 99% | |
| 1907/08 | 2,500 | 300 | 95% |
Paid less: the share of the other officials with a salary that year who earned less.
Point at a year for its salary, title, place and the median of all officials paid that year. Choose a row of the table to mark its years in the charts and its stop on the map.
| Years | Title | Place | Salary (kuruş a month) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1866/67AH 1283 | Zaptiye Kalemifirst work | Ioannina (Yanya) | 1,250first-salary field |
| 1867/68AH 1284 | Nahiye Memuru | Ioannina (Yanya) | 1,250 |
| No annual entry: 1868/69 (AH 1285) | |||
| 1869/70AH 1286 | Tahrirat Kalemi | Varna | 500 |
| No annual entry: 1870/71 (AH 1287) | |||
| 1871/72AH 1288 | Arazi Kalemi | Berat | 600 |
| 1872/73AH 1289 | DH Baskitabeti | Berat | 500 |
| 1873 to 1888AH 1290 to 1305 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 to 760 |
| 1888 to 1892AH 1306 to 1309 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Berat | 760 |
| 1892/93AH 1310 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Drama | 760 |
| 1893 to 1901AH 1311 to 1318 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 760 to 684 |
| 1901 to 1905AH 1319 to 1322 | DH Mufettisi | Elazığ | 3,600 |
| 1905/06AH 1323 | DH Mufettisi | Erzurum | 3,600 |
| 1906/07AH 1324 | DH Mufettisi | Bitlis | 3,600 |
| 1907/08AH 1325 | DH Muduru | Kosova | 2,500 |
Record#
Personal
- Born
- 1845 (AH 1261)
- Birthplace
- Ioannina (Yanya)
- Community
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Nationality as recorded
- Turkish
- Father's occupation
- Sipahi
Education
- Higher or professional
- Mülkiye Mektebi (14 years)School of Civil Administration
- Unpaid years (mülazemet)
- 1 year
- Preparation route (classification of the paper)
- Other High
- Qualification (diploma, certificate, training or nişan)
- Yes
The years count all schooling up to that school, as the record gives them.
Languages
- Albanian
- Tekellumspeaking
- Greek (Rum)
- Tekellumspeaking. Rum is the word of the records for Greek as spoken by the Orthodox Christians of the empire. It is kept apart from the column Greek, which the records also have
- Turkish
- Kitabetwriting
The glosses are cautious historical readings of the recorded words, not modern levels of proficiency.
First work
- Year
- 1866/67 (AH 1283)
- Place
- Ioannina (Yanya)
- First job as worded
- Zaptiye Kalemi
- Age at first work (workbook field)
- 23
- First salary field (kuruş a month)
- 1250
- First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month)
- 1250
Honours and ranks
- Rank (recorded code)
- 3
- Mecidi order (recorded code)
- 4
- Medal (recorded code)
- 1
- Medal or decoration as worded
- Madalya
Notes from the record
- Merit and competence grade (recorded code)
- 1
Recorded with#
Officials who share a place, a job title, a school, a birthplace or the year of the first annual entry. Ranks compare the highest monthly salary of each official.
Same place, same years
Of the 9 officials with entries in Gjirokastër (Ergiri) in the same years, Ahmet Refik Efendi had the highest salary.
- Abdulhamit Efendi9 shared years; highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Ali Efendi7 shared years; highest salary 700 kuruş
- Ali Bey5 shared years; highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Mehmed Hurşid Efendi3 shared years; highest salary 800 kuruş
- Mustafa Naili Efendi1 shared year; highest salary 1,500 kuruş
Same job title, same years
Of the 53 officials with the title Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in the same years, Ahmet Refik Efendi had the highest salary.
- Mehmet Salih Efendi27 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Mustafa Muhlis Efendi26 shared years; highest salary 3,000 kuruş
- Huseyin Mazhar Efendi26 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Rifat Efendi25 shared years; highest salary 1,500 kuruş
- Haci Lutfullah Efendi25 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
Same school
Of the 26 officials with Mülkiye Mektebi among their schools, Ahmet Refik Efendi had the 3rd highest salary.
- Ahmet Fehmi Efendiborn 1845/46 (AH 1262); highest salary 565 kuruş
- Hafız Mehmet Tahir Efendiborn 1838/39 (AH 1254); highest salary 500 kuruş
- Nuri Beyborn 1852/53 (AH 1269); highest salary 1,250 kuruş
- Hafiz Mehmet Sukru Efendiborn 1836/37 (AH 1252); highest salary 1,800 kuruş
- Mehmet Sukru Efendi ibn-i Aliborn 1836/37 (AH 1252); highest salary 6,000 kuruş
Same birthplace
Of the 32 officials born in Ioannina (Yanya), Ahmet Refik Efendi had the 2nd highest salary.
- Salih Necmi Efendiborn 1848/49 (AH 1265); highest salary 640 kuruş
- Abdulhamit Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Salih Efendiborn 1838/39 (AH 1254); highest salary 1,500 kuruş
- Mehmet Ali Efendiborn 1852/53 (AH 1269); highest salary 700 kuruş
- Nuri Beyborn 1852/53 (AH 1269); highest salary 1,250 kuruş
The page of Ioannina (Yanya), with the 32 officials born there
First annual entry in the same year
Of the 73 officials whose first annual entry is for 1867/68 (AH 1284), Ahmet Refik Efendi had the 5th highest salary.
- Ali Efendifirst entry in Sinop; highest salary 800 kuruş
- Ali Galip Efendifirst entry in Edessa (Vodina); highest salary 600 kuruş
- Selim Efendifirst entry in Tripoli (Trablusşam); highest salary 800 kuruş
- Ali Şefik Efendifirst entry in Kütahya; highest salary 750 kuruş
- Osman Nuri Efendifirst entry in Bihać (Bihke); highest salary 800 kuruş
Full record
Annual entries (40)
| Year | Title | Place | Kuruş a month | Institution | Source | Archive reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1867/68AH 1284 | Nahiye Memuru | Ioannina (Yanya) | 1,250 | Interior (Dahiliye) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1869/70AH 1286 | Tahrirat Kalemi | Varna | 500 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1871/72AH 1288 | Arazi Kalemi | Berat | 600 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1872/73AH 1289 | DH Baskitabeti | Berat | 500 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1873/74AH 1290 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1874/75AH 1291 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1875/76AH 1292 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1876/77AH 1293 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1877/78AH 1294 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1878AH 1295 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1878/79AH 1296 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1879/80AH 1297 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1880/81AH 1298 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1881/82AH 1299 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1882/83AH 1300 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1883/84AH 1301 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1884/85AH 1302 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1885/86AH 1303 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1886/87AH 1304 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1887/88AH 1305 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Gjirokastër (Ergiri) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1888/89AH 1306 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Berat | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1889/90AH 1307 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Berat | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1890/91AH 1308 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Berat | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1891/92AH 1309 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Berat | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1892/93AH 1310 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Drama | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1893/94AH 1311 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1894/95AH 1312 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1895/96AH 1313 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1896/97AH 1314 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 684 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1897/98AH 1315 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 684 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1898/99AH 1316 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 684 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1899/1900AH 1317 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 684 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1900/01AH 1318 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Preveza (Preveze) | 684 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1901/02AH 1319 | DH Mufettisi | Elazığ | 3,600 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1902/03AH 1320 | DH Mufettisi | Elazığ | 3,600 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1903/04AH 1321 | DH Mufettisi | Elazığ | 3,600 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1904/05AH 1322 | DH Mufettisi | Elazığ | 3,600 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1905/06AH 1323 | DH Mufettisi | Erzurum | 3,600 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1906/07AH 1324 | DH Mufettisi | Bitlis | 3,600 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
| 1907/08AH 1325 | DH Muduru | Kosova | 2,500 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 4_285; 564, 565 |
What the sources named in this table are
- Cross-ministry personnel workbook
- A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
Sources and original values (28)
| Field | Recorded value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Identity | ||
| Name | Ahmet Refik Efendi | Linked personnel workbook |
| Birth year (AH) | 1261 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace | yanya | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: district (kaza) | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: sancak | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: province (vilayet) | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Province of birth | yanya | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Father's occupation | Sipahi | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Religion | Musluman | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Nationality or community | Turkish | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Schooling | ||
| School | Mulkiye Mektebi | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Years of schooling | 14 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Years of apprenticeship (mülazemet) | 1 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work | ||
| First work: year (AH) | 1283 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Linked personnel workbook |
| First work: Gregorian year as stored | 1866 | Recovered annual personnel extract |
| First work: place | Yanya | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: district (kaza) | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: sancak | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: province (vilayet) | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First job as worded | Zaptiye Kalemi | Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Age at first work (workbook field) | 23 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First salary field (kuruş a month) | 1250 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month) | 1250 | Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Honours | ||
| Rank (recorded code) | 3 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Mecidi order (recorded code) | 4 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Medal (recorded code) | 1 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Medal or decoration as worded | Madalya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Other recorded values | ||
| Merit and competence grade (recorded code) | 1 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
What the sources named in this table are
- Cross-ministry personnel workbook
- A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
- Earlier annual personnel extract
- The detailed annual personnel file of October 2024. An official found only in this file keeps the years, titles and salaries it gives.
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
- Personnel attributes extract
- The detailed personnel file of September 2025, read for personal details such as birth, schooling and first work.
- Linked personnel workbook
- The original personnel workbook, from which selected fields on background and first work are taken.
- Origin of the record: Post and Telegraph personnel records.
How to read this record: calendar years, years without an annual entry, salaries and sources.
Subjects
- Ahmet Refik Efendi
- Land Registry office (Defter-i Hakani Kalemi)
- Gjirokastër (Ergiri)
- Ioannina (Yanya)
- School of Civil Administration (Mülkiye Mektebi)
- Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Biography of an Ottoman official (Osmanlı memurunun biyografisi)
- Career and pay (memuriyet ve maaş)
- Ottoman history (Osmanlı tarihi)
- Ottoman bureaucracy (Osmanlı bürokrasisi)
- Ottoman officials (Osmanlı'da memurlar)
- Ottoman personnel registers (Sicill-i Ahvâl defterleri)
- Ottoman registers (Osmanlı defterleri)