Official
Mehmet Salih Efendi
Muslim (Müslüman). Born in Ioannina (Yanya) in 1838/39 (AH 1254). On record 1856 to 1897, 41 annual entries.
Archive reference 3_88; 174
Life#
Born in Ioannina (Yanya) in 1838/39 (AH 1254), Mehmet Salih Efendi came from the Muslim (Müslüman) community. Schooling took four years, at a school for young children (Sıbyan Mektebi); Mehmet Salih also wrote Turkish and spoke Greek (Rum).
Work began in the Tahrirat Kalemi in Yenisehir in 1854/55, at about 16, paid from the start, on 100 kuruş a month. The annual lists begin in 1856/57, with Mehmet Salih in the correspondence office (Tahrirat Kalemi) in Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener), where the entries run to 1862/63, with a rise to a post in the Gumruk Kitabeti in 1860/61. Mehmet Salih then moved to Shkodër (İşkodra) from 1863 to 1883, with a rise to Gumruk Baskitabeti, then Prizren in 1883/84. The annual lists then follow Mehmet Salih back to Shkodër from 1884 to 1894. The last posts were in Mersin from 1895 to 1897. Entries spanning 42 years are rare, reached by fewer than 3 per cent of the 5,211 officials.
Pay rose from 100 kuruş a month in 1856/57 to a peak of 1,500 in 1863/64, as Gumruk Baskitabeti in Shkodër, when four in five paid officials earned less. In all, 41 years of salary come to 408,528 kuruş, 1.6 times what an official on the median salary earned in those years. The final annual entry is for 1896/97. Mehmet Salih received a rank (rütbe).
Places in order of time#
Each number is a stop: the birthplace, the place of first work, then every place of the annual entries in turn. The year beside an arrow is the first entry at the new place.
Not on the map, as no position is recorded: stop 2 (Yenisehir).
Born 1838/39 (AH 1254)
1856 to 1863 (AH 1273 to 1279)
Tahrirat Kalemi 1856 to 1860 (AH 1273 to 1276); Gumruk Kitabeti 1860 to 1863 (AH 1277 to 1279)
100 to 400 kuruş a month; entries in 7 years
1863 to 1883 (AH 1280 to 1300)
Gumruk Baskitabeti 1863 to 1871 (AH 1280 to 1287); Defter-i Hakani Kalemi 1871 to 1883 (AH 1288 to 1300)
760 to 1,500 kuruş a month; entries in 21 years
1884 to 1894 (AH 1302 to 1311)
760 kuruş a month; entries in 10 years
1895 to 1897 (AH 1313 to 1314)
No annual entry for 1894/95 (AH 1312) before it.
684 to 760 kuruş a month; entries in 2 years
Career and salary#
Log scale: equal steps are equal ratios. The median of the same title is drawn for the years in which at least 5 officials with that title had a salary, and the median of the same province for the years in which at least 5 officials were paid in the province of the official's salary that year.
The numbers of the chart
| Year | Salary | Median, all officials | Median, same title | Median, same province | Paid less |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1856/57 | 100 | 375 | 10% | ||
| 1857/58 | 200 | 475 | 17% | ||
| 1858/59 | 200 | 500 | 19% | ||
| 1859/60 | 200 | 500 | 14% | ||
| 1860/61 | 350 | 500 | 26% | ||
| 1861/62 | 400 | 600 | 27% | ||
| 1862/63 | 400 | 500 | 26% | ||
| 1863/64 | 1,500 | 500 | 79% | ||
| 1864/65 | 1,500 | 625 | 1,500 | 79% | |
| 1865/66 | 1,500 | 650 | 1,470 | 81% | |
| 1866/67 | 1,250 | 600 | 1,125 | 79% | |
| 1867/68 | 1,250 | 600 | 675 | 81% | |
| 1868/69 | 1,250 | 600 | 1,000 | 82% | |
| 1869/70 | 1,250 | 600 | 875 | 84% | |
| 1870/71 | 1,250 | 600 | 1,000 | 84% | |
| 1871/72 | 1,000 | 550 | 1,000 | 900 | 80% |
| 1872/73 | 950 | 550 | 1,000 | 925 | 77% |
| 1873/74 | 950 | 500 | 975 | 875 | 77% |
| 1874/75 | 950 | 535 | 1,000 | 860 | 77% |
| 1875/76 | 950 | 530 | 975 | 855 | 77% |
| 1876/77 | 950 | 582.5 | 950 | 600 | 76% |
| 1877/78 | 950 | 560 | 950 | 500 | 78% |
| 1878 | 950 | 600 | 950 | 600 | 75% |
| 1878/79 | 950 | 600 | 950 | 750 | 75% |
| 1879/80 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 74% |
| 1880/81 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 500 | 74% |
| 1881/82 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 500 | 74% |
| 1882/83 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 500 | 73% |
| 1883/84 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 500 | 73% |
| 1884/85 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 500 | 73% |
| 1885/86 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 75% |
| 1886/87 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 75% |
| 1887/88 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 74% |
| 1888/89 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 75% |
| 1889/90 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 76% |
| 1890/91 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 77% |
| 1891/92 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 78% |
| 1892/93 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 78% |
| 1893/94 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 600 | 79% |
| 1895/96 | 760 | 500 | 760 | 500 | 79% |
| 1896/97 | 684 | 500 | 684 | 500 | 79% |
Paid less: the share of the other officials with a salary that year who earned less.
Point at a year for its salary, title, place and the median of all officials paid that year. Choose a row of the table to mark its years in the charts and its stop on the map.
| Years | Title | Place | Salary (kuruş a month) |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1854/55AH 1271 | Tahrirat Kalemifirst work | Yenisehir | 100first-salary field |
| 1856 to 1860AH 1273 to 1276 | Tahrirat Kalemi | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 100 to 200 |
| 1860 to 1863AH 1277 to 1279 | Gumruk Kitabeti | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 350 to 400 |
| 1863 to 1871AH 1280 to 1287 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,500 to 1,250 |
| 1871 to 1883AH 1288 to 1300 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,000 to 760 |
| 1883/84AH 1301 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Prizren | 760 |
| 1884 to 1894AH 1302 to 1311 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 |
| No annual entry: 1894/95 (AH 1312) | |||
| 1895 to 1897AH 1313 to 1314 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Mersin | 760 to 684 |
Record#
Personal
- Born
- 1838/39 (AH 1254)
- Birthplace
- Ioannina (Yanya)
- Community
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Nationality as recorded
- turkish
Education
- Primary
- Sıbyan Mektebi (4 years)school for young children (primary school); place of the school as worded: Yenisehir-i Fener
- Unpaid years (mülazemet)
- 0 years
- Qualification (diploma, certificate, training or nişan)
- No
The years count all schooling up to that school, as the record gives them.
Languages
- Greek (Rum)
- Tekellumspeaking. Rum is the word of the records for Greek as spoken by the Orthodox Christians of the empire. It is kept apart from the column Greek, which the records also have
- Turkish
- Kitabetwriting
The glosses are cautious historical readings of the recorded words, not modern levels of proficiency.
First work
- Year
- 1854/55 (AH 1271)
- Place
- Yenisehir
- First job as worded
- Tahrirat Kalemi
- Age at first work (workbook field)
- 17
- First salary field (kuruş a month)
- 100
- First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month)
- 100
Honours and ranks
- Rank (recorded code)
- 4; 3; 2
Recorded with#
Officials who share a place, a job title, a school, a birthplace or the year of the first annual entry. Ranks compare the highest monthly salary of each official.
Same post (job title and place), same years
Of the 2 officials who held Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in Prizren in the same years, Mehmet Salih Efendi had the highest salary.
- Osman Nuri Efendi1 shared year; highest salary 1,250 kuruş
Same place, same years
Of the 50 officials with entries in Shkodër (İşkodra) in the same years, Mehmet Salih Efendi had the 13th highest salary.
- Eşref Bahtiyar Efendi12 shared years; highest salary 800 kuruş
- Ahmed Hamdi Efendi12 shared years; highest salary 600 kuruş
- Nikola Yunani Efendi11 shared years; highest salary 1,350 kuruş
- Ahmet Şakir Efendi10 shared years; highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Hasan Ruhi Efendi10 shared years; highest salary 500 kuruş
Same job title, same years
Of the 55 officials with the title Defter-i Hakani Kalemi in the same years, Mehmet Salih Efendi had the 16th highest salary.
- Haci Lutfullah Efendi26 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Huseyin Mazhar Efendi26 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Salih Efendi25 shared years; highest salary 1,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Tevfik Efendi25 shared years; highest salary 950 kuruş
- Ahmet Refik Efendi24 shared years; highest salary 3,600 kuruş
Same school
Of the 746 officials with Sıbyan Mektebi among their schools, 745 have a recorded salary; Mehmet Salih Efendi had the 107th highest salary of them.
- Ahmet Rıfat Efendiborn 1838/39 (AH 1254); highest salary 3,000 kuruş
- Ahmet Zuhtu Beyborn 1838/39 (AH 1254); highest salary 8,075 kuruş
- Ali Rıza Eendiborn 1838/39 (AH 1254); highest salary 1,245 kuruş
- Hacı Bekir Efendiborn 1838/39 (AH 1254); highest salary 1,200 kuruş
- Hacı Mehmet Ali Efendiborn 1838/39 (AH 1254); highest salary 2,500 kuruş
Same birthplace
Of the 32 officials born in Ioannina (Yanya), Mehmet Salih Efendi had the 5th highest salary.
- Abdulhamit Efendiborn 1839/40 (AH 1255); highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- İsmail Hakki Beyborn 1836/37 (AH 1252); highest salary 7,500 kuruş
- Ahmet Refik Efendiborn 1845 (AH 1261); highest salary 3,600 kuruş
- Salih Necmi Efendiborn 1848/49 (AH 1265); highest salary 640 kuruş
- Mehmet Ali Efendiborn 1852/53 (AH 1269); highest salary 700 kuruş
The page of Ioannina (Yanya), with the 32 officials born there
First annual entry in the same year
Of the 19 officials whose first annual entry is for 1856/57 (AH 1273), Mehmet Salih Efendi had the 15th highest salary.
- Ali Riza Efendifirst entry in Istanbul; highest salary 4,000 kuruş
- Hasan Efendifirst entry in Istanbul; highest salary 2,500 kuruş
- Hacı Mehmet Reşit Efendifirst entry in Tutayf; highest salary 2,000 kuruş
- Mehmet Talat Efendifirst entry in Istanbul; highest salary 3,000 kuruş
- Abdülhalim Beyfirst entry in Plovdiv (Filibe); highest salary 3,500 kuruş
All 19 officials whose first annual entry is for 1856/57 (AH 1273)
Full record
Annual entries (41)
| Year | Title | Place | Kuruş a month | Institution | Source | Archive reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1856/57AH 1273 | Tahrirat Kalemi | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 100 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 3_88; 174 |
| 1857/58AH 1274 | Tahrirat Kalemi | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 200 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 3_88; 174 |
| 1858/59AH 1275 | Tahrirat Kalemi | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 200 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 3_88; 174 |
| 1859/60AH 1276 | Tahrirat Kalemi | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 200 | Post and Telegraph (Posta ve Telgraf) | Recovered annual personnel extract | 3_88; 174 |
| 1860/61AH 1277 | Gumruk Kitabeti | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 350 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1861/62AH 1278 | Gumruk Kitabeti | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 400 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1862/63AH 1279 | Gumruk Kitabeti | Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener) | 400 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1863/64AH 1280 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,500 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1864/65AH 1281 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,500 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1865/66AH 1282 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,500 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1866/67AH 1283 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,250 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1867/68AH 1284 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,250 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1868/69AH 1285 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,250 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1869/70AH 1286 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,250 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1870/71AH 1287 | Gumruk Baskitabeti | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,250 | Customs (Gümrük) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1871/72AH 1288 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 1,000 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1872/73AH 1289 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1873/74AH 1290 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1874/75AH 1291 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1875/76AH 1292 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1876/77AH 1293 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1877/78AH 1294 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1878AH 1295 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1878/79AH 1296 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 950 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1879/80AH 1297 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1880/81AH 1298 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1881/82AH 1299 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1882/83AH 1300 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1883/84AH 1301 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Prizren | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1884/85AH 1302 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1885/86AH 1303 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1886/87AH 1304 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1887/88AH 1305 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1888/89AH 1306 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1889/90AH 1307 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1890/91AH 1308 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1891/92AH 1309 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1892/93AH 1310 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1893/94AH 1311 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Shkodër (İşkodra) | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1895/96AH 1313 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Mersin | 760 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
| 1896/97AH 1314 | Defter-i Hakani Kalemi | Mersin | 684 | Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani) | Cross-ministry personnel workbook | 3_88; 174 |
What the sources named in this table are
- Cross-ministry personnel workbook
- A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
Sources and original values (26)
| Field | Recorded value | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Identity | ||
| Name | Mehmet Salih Efendi | Linked personnel workbook |
| Birth year (AH) | 1254 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace | yanya | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: district (kaza) | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: sancak | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Birthplace: province (vilayet) | Yanya | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Province of birth | yanya | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| Religion | musluman | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Nationality or community | turkish | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Schooling | ||
| School | sibyan mektebi | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Place of the school | Yenisehir-i Fener | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Years of schooling | 4 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Years of apprenticeship (mülazemet) | 0 used on this page | Recovered annual personnel extract |
| Years of apprenticeship (mülazemet) | 2 other value | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work | ||
| First work: year (AH) | 1271 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Linked personnel workbook |
| First work: place | yenisehir | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: district (kaza) | Yenisehir | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: sancak | Selanik | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First work: province (vilayet) | Selanik | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First job as worded | Tahrirat Kalemi | Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Age at first work (workbook field) | 17 | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| First salary field (kuruş a month) | 100 | Recovered annual personnel extract; Personnel attributes extract; Earlier annual personnel extract |
| First-job salary of the original workbook (kuruş a month) | 100 | Linked personnel workbook; Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Honours | ||
| Rank (recorded code) | 4 used on this page | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Rank (recorded code) | 3 other value | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
| Rank (recorded code) | 2 other value | Cross-ministry personnel workbook |
What the sources named in this table are
- Cross-ministry personnel workbook
- A personnel workbook with the annual entries in institutions other than the Post and Telegraph (justice, land registry, customs, police and others), with the same annual fields as the personnel workbook.
- Earlier annual personnel extract
- The detailed annual personnel file of October 2024. An official found only in this file keeps the years, titles and salaries it gives.
- Recovered annual personnel extract
- The merged annual personnel file recovered for the replication of the first paper. Annual entries are taken from it for every official it holds.
- Personnel attributes extract
- The detailed personnel file of September 2025, read for personal details such as birth, schooling and first work.
- Linked personnel workbook
- The original personnel workbook, from which selected fields on background and first work are taken.
- The sources give more than one value for a marked field. Every value is listed.
- Origin of the record: Post and Telegraph personnel records.
How to read this record: calendar years, years without an annual entry, salaries and sources.
Subjects
- Mehmet Salih Efendi
- Land Registry office (Defter-i Hakani Kalemi)
- Shkodër (İşkodra)
- Ioannina (Yanya)
- School for young children (Sıbyan Mektebi)
- Land Registry (Defter-i Hakani)
- Muslim (Müslüman)
- Biography of an Ottoman official (Osmanlı memurunun biyografisi)
- Career and pay (memuriyet ve maaş)
- Ottoman history (Osmanlı tarihi)
- Ottoman bureaucracy (Osmanlı bürokrasisi)
- Ottoman officials (Osmanlı'da memurlar)
- Ottoman personnel registers (Sicill-i Ahvâl defterleri)
- Ottoman registers (Osmanlı defterleri)