Province

Biga province

Ottoman province (vilayet). 8 places with officials on record. 24 officials born in the province.

Biga province has 118 officials on record in 8 places, from 1858 to 1911 (AH 1275 to 1328), with 423 annual entries. The median of the 421 recorded monthly salaries is 500 kuruş. The place with the largest number of officials is Çanakkale, with 87. The fullest year is 1895/96 with 16 officials. 24 officials of the collection were born in the province.

Officials serving: 118
Annual entries1858 to 1911, AH 1275 to 1328: 423
Year with most officials16 officials: 1895/96
Median monthly salaryfrom 421 recorded salaries: 500 kuruş
Officials born here: 24

All years

Officials on record each year

The fullest year is 1895/96 (AH 1313) with 16 officials. Years with an annual entry: 53.

The same numbers as a table

Officials on record each year, Biga
Year	Officials on record	First recorded	Annual entries
1858/59 (AH 1275)	1	1	1
1860/61 (AH 1277)	1	1	1
1861/62 (AH 1278)	1	0	1
1862/63 (AH 1279)	1	0	1
1863/64 (AH 1280)	2	1	2
1864/65 (AH 1281)	1	1	1
1865/66 (AH 1282)	6	4	6
1866/67 (AH 1283)	4	1	4
1867/68 (AH 1284)	5	1	5
1868/69 (AH 1285)	7	3	7
1869/70 (AH 1286)	7	1	7
1870/71 (AH 1287)	6	1	6
1871/72 (AH 1288)	6	1	6
1872/73 (AH 1289)	7	2	7
1873/74 (AH 1290)	6	3	6
1874/75 (AH 1291)	8	4	8
1875/76 (AH 1292)	7	2	7
1876/77 (AH 1293)	7	4	7
1877/78 (AH 1294)	5	0	5
1878 (AH 1295)	5	2	5
1878/79 (AH 1296)	8	3	8
1879/80 (AH 1297)	9	3	9
1880/81 (AH 1298)	12	6	12
1881/82 (AH 1299)	14	2	14
1882/83 (AH 1300)	10	0	10
1883/84 (AH 1301)	8	3	8
1884/85 (AH 1302)	10	2	10
1885/86 (AH 1303)	10	2	10
1886/87 (AH 1304)	10	3	10
1887/88 (AH 1305)	10	1	10
1888/89 (AH 1306)	10	3	10
1889/90 (AH 1307)	10	3	10
1890/91 (AH 1308)	11	1	11
1891/92 (AH 1309)	11	1	11
1892/93 (AH 1310)	13	3	13
1893/94 (AH 1311)	14	4	14
1894/95 (AH 1312)	15	3	15
1895/96 (AH 1313)	16	7	16
1896/97 (AH 1314)	16	4	16
1897/98 (AH 1315)	14	3	14
1898/99 (AH 1316)	16	8	16
1899/1900 (AH 1317)	13	3	13
1900/01 (AH 1318)	15	5	15
1901/02 (AH 1319)	13	3	13
1902/03 (AH 1320)	11	2	11
1903/04 (AH 1321)	9	1	9
1904/05 (AH 1322)	8	2	8
1905/06 (AH 1323)	6	2	6
1906/07 (AH 1324)	4	2	4
1907/08 (AH 1325)	1	0	1
1908/09 (AH 1326)	1	0	1
1909/10 (AH 1327)	1	0	1
1910/11 (AH 1328)	1	0	1

An official is counted once in a year. First recorded is the first year in which the collection has an annual entry of the official on this page. It is not a hiring date.

Monthly salary each year

The median of the 421 recorded monthly salaries is 500 kuruş, the mean 580 kuruş.

The same numbers as a table

Monthly salary each year in kuruş, Biga
Year	Recorded salaries	Median	Mean	Lower quartile	Upper quartile	Median of the whole collection
1858/59	1	500	500	500	500	500
1860/61	1	1,500	1,500	1,500	1,500	500
1861/62	1	1,500	1,500	1,500	1,500	600
1862/63	1	1,500	1,500	1,500	1,500	500
1863/64	2	1,000	1,000	750	1,250	500
1864/65	1	1,200	1,200	1,200	1,200	625
1865/66	6	1,320	1,216	840	1,620	650
1866/67	4	1,000	950	700	1,250	600
1867/68	5	800	896	600	1,200	600
1868/69	7	1,000	1,128.57	800	1,300	600
1869/70	7	800	1,114.29	800	1,350	600
1870/71	6	800	883.33	800	1,100	600
1871/72	6	760	698.33	617.5	902.5	550
1872/73	7	760	780	650	1,000	550
1873/74	6	570	589.17	483.75	690	500
1874/75	8	560	717.5	526.25	820	535
1875/76	7	570	652.14	525	665	530
1876/77	7	800	925	477.5	1,000	575
1877/78	5	800	1,104	800	1,200	560
1878	5	600	650	500	600	600
1878/79	8	600	831.25	575	900	600
1879/80	9	500	562.22	400	600	500
1880/81	12	500	535.42	396.25	600	500
1881/82	14	450	508.93	388.75	600	500
1882/83	10	475	487.5	400	500	500
1883/84	8	500	493.12	396.25	525	500
1884/85	10	450	474.5	400	500	500
1885/86	10	450	502.5	388.75	575	500
1886/87	10	450	486.5	381.25	600	500
1887/88	10	550	537.5	388.75	637.5	500
1888/89	10	550	515.2	400	637.5	500
1889/90	10	500	505.2	400	637.5	500
1890/91	11	600	513.82	400	625	500
1891/92	11	600	503.36	350	625	500
1892/93	13	500	507.31	350	650	500
1893/94	14	487.5	521.07	400	637.5	500
1894/95	15	475	505	390	625	500
1895/96	16	487.5	481.56	375	525	500
1896/97	16	453.5	457.44	375	510	500
1897/98	14	487.5	469.21	362.5	530	500
1898/99	16	453.5	446.94	337.5	500	500
1899/1900	13	500	463.15	350	500	500
1900/01	15	380	421.4	300	500	500
1901/02	13	400	429.31	300	540	500
1902/03	10	400	423.1	312.5	513	500
1903/04	9	400	390.22	300	432	475
1904/05	7	350	396	300	486	450
1905/06	6	486	470.33	370.5	585	475
1906/07	4	406	403	360	449	450
1907/08	1	432	432	432	432	300
1908/09	1	432	432	432	432	350
1909/10	1	600	600	600	600	462.5
1910/11	1	800	800	800	800	500

Salaries are nominal monthly amounts in kuruş, as assigned. The thick line is the median of each year and the thin line the mean. A year with fewer than 5 recorded salaries is drawn as an open mark and is not joined to the line.

Jobs each year

23 job titles on record. The most frequent is Muhabere Memuru, held by 56 officials.

The 8 titles with most officials. A darker cell means more officials in that year.

The same numbers as a table

Officials by job title and year, Biga
Year	Muhabere Memuru	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	3. Müdür	2. Müdür	Memur	1. Müdür	3. Sınıf Polis Komiseri	Başmuhabere Memuru
1858/59	1
1860/61						1
1861/62						1
1862/63						1
1863/64	1					1
1864/65								1
1865/66	2					1		1
1866/67	2					1		1
1867/68	2	1				1		1
1868/69	2			1	1	1		1
1869/70	2			1	1	1		1
1870/71	1			2	1	1		1
1871/72	1	1		2	1			1
1872/73	1	1		3	1	1
1873/74	2	2		1	1
1874/75	5	1		1		1
1875/76	4	1		1
1876/77	4					1
1877/78	2					1
1878	3	1				1
1878/79	5			1		1
1879/80	6		1	1
1880/81	7			1	1
1881/82	7	1		1	2
1882/83	5	1						1
1883/84	3	1						1
1884/85	5	1						1
1885/86	4	2		1				1
1886/87	4	2		1
1887/88	4	3		1
1888/89	3	2		1			1
1889/90	4	1		1			1
1890/91	4	1	1	1			1
1891/92	5	1	1	1
1892/93	6	2	1	2
1893/94	6	2	1	2
1894/95	7	2	2	2
1895/96	8	1	4	1			1
1896/97	8	2	3	1			1
1897/98	6	2	3	1
1898/99	8	3	2	1
1899/1900	4	2	4	1
1900/01	7	2	2	1
1901/02	7	1	2	1
1902/03	5	1	2
1903/04	6		2
1904/05	4		2		1
1905/06	3		3
1906/07	2	1	1
1907/08	1
1908/09	1
1909/10			1
1910/11	1

Jobs and their officials, all years

All 23 titles. Over all years an official is counted once under each title. A title with a page of its own is a link.

Places with officials on record

All years

8 places with officials on record, 8 of them with a position on the map. A larger dot means more officials.

Seat of a province (vilayet) District (kaza)

All 8 places, all years
Place	Officials	Remark
Çanakkale	87
Biga	16
Ezine	9
Ayvacık	4
Lapseki	3
Papazlik	3
Bayramiç	1
Karabiga	1

Birthplaces and places of service

A line links a birthplace and a place of service. A thicker line means more officials, and the arrow head points from the birthplace to the place of service. Places far away are drawn in a small map in a corner.

On both maps the lines meet at Biga, the place recorded as the seat of the province.

All years

Seat of a province (vilayet) Seat of a sancak District (kaza) Other place Office or region

Where the officials serving here were born

The 10 birthplaces with most officials, of 53, all years
Place	Officials	Remark
Istanbul (Dersaadet)	46
Çanakkale	6
Bursa	4
Edirne	3
Sivas	3
Ankara	2
Çorlu	2
Harput	2
Izmir (İzmir)	2
Omurtag (Osmanpazarı)	2

Where the officials born here were serving

The 10 places of service with most officials, of 36, all years
Place	Officials	Remark
Çanakkale	6
Izmir (İzmir)	6
Beyoğlu	3
Istanbul (Dersaadet)	3
Thessaloniki (Selanik)	3
Bitola (Manastır)	2
Bursa	2
İzmit	2
Mytilene (Midilli)	2
Svilengrad (Cisr-i Mustafapaşa)	2

One row per official, one cell per recorded year

118 officials, ordered by the first year on record. A row shows in which years an official has an annual entry here and where the entries stop.

A gap in a row is a year without an annual entry here. It does not show that the official had left. The list of officials gives the first and the last year of each.

Places

Places of Biga, the place with most officials first
Place	Province	Officials	Annual entries	Years
Çanakkale	Biga province	87	278	1858 to 1911
Biga	Biga province	16	66	1868 to 1903
Ezine	Biga province	9	39	1866 to 1907
Ayvacık	Biga province	4	18	1870 to 1906
Lapseki	Biga province	3	12	1878 to 1899
Papazlik	Biga province	3	8	1894 to 1906
Bayramiç	Biga province	1	1	1899/1900
Karabiga	Biga province	1	1	1901/02

Ottoman officials recorded here

118 officials, the one with most annual entries here first. The first 25 are shown, the others are under them.

Officials of Biga
Official	Years here	Annual entries	Main title here	Kuruş a month	Birthplace
Muharrem Bey	1883 to 1903	20	Defter-i Hakani Kalemi	684 to 760	Korçë (Görice)
Besim Efendi	1893 to 1911	18	Muhabere Memuru	432 to 800	Haifa (Hayfa)
Ali Galip Efendi	1880 to 1894	14	Başmemur	600	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
İsmail Hakkı Efendi	1890 to 1904	14	3. Müdür	540 to 600	Omurtag (Osmanpazarı)
Halil Efendi	1865 to 1878	13	Muhabere Memuru	720 to 800	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
İbrahim Sırrı Efendi	1880 to 1893	13	Muhabere Memuru	385 to 400	Çanakkale
Kostantin Efendi	1887 to 1898	11	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	650 to 750	Silivri
Mehmet Haşim Efendi	1869 to 1880	11	2. Müdür	760 to 1,200	Gelibolu
Aziz Mahmud Efendi	1886 to 1895	9	Muhabere Memuru	600 to 700	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Fahri Efendi	1889 to 1898	9	2. Müdür	720 to 800	Niš (Niş)
Mehmet Talat Efendi	1865 to 1875	9	1. Müdür	950 to 1,680	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Israti Efendi	1864 to 1872	8	Başmuhabere Memuru	950 to 1,440	Silivri
Ahmet Raşit Efendi	1889 to 1896	7	Muhabere Memuru	400	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ali Efendi	1879 to 1886	7	Muhabere Memuru	400	Kuşadası
Mustafa Kamil Efendi	1899 to 1906	7	Muhabere Memuru	285 to 600	Çorlu
Antranik Efendi	1883 to 1889	6	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
İbrahim Ethem Efendi	1896 to 1902	6	Muhabere Memuru	250	Sivas
İsmail Şükrü Efendi	1880 to 1886	6	Başmuhabere Memuru	400 to 500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Muammer Efendi	1883 to 1889	6	Muhabere Memuru	300	Çanakkale
Osman Nuri Efendi	1900 to 1906	6	Muhabere Memuru	350	Tosya
Rıfat Efendi	1892 to 1898	6	Muhabere Memuru	250 to 400	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Süleyman Faik Efendi	1879 to 1885	6	Memleha Kitabeti	300 to 500	Çanakkale
Dorkani Efendi	1878 to 1883	5	Muhabere Memuru	500 to 600	Edirne
Emrullah Efendi	1868 to 1873	5	Memur	200	Biga
Hüsnü Efendi	1860 to 1866	5	1. Müdür	1,500 to 1,680	Istanbul (Dersaadet)

Show the other 93 officials

Officials of Biga, continued
Official	Years here	Annual entries	Main title here	Kuruş a month	Birthplace
Kazım Bey	1893 to 1898	5	Muhabere Memuru	475	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Kamil Efendi	1889 to 1894	5	Muhabere Memuru	300	Bursa
Mustafa Şükrü Efendi	1875 to 1880	5	Muhabere Memuru	400 to 500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Osman Nuri Efendi	1878 to 1882	5	Muhabere Memuru	600	Malatya
Simon Efendi	1871 to 1876	5	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	570	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Zeynelabidin Şevki Efendi	1878 to 1883	5	Muhabere Memuru	500 to 600	Yozgat
Abdullah Zühtü Efendi	1895 to 1899	4	Muhabere Memuru	250 to 285	Kırkağaç
Ahmet Recai Efendi	1876 to 1879	4	Muhabere Memuru	350	Bursa
Ali Rıza Efendi	1898 to 1902	4	2. Müdür	800	İzmit
Erdetsi Ohanyan Efendi	1884 to 1888	4	Muhabere Memuru	380 to 400	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Halil Kemal Efendi	1895 to 1906	4	3. Müdür	500 to 540	Bergama
Hasan Sabri Efendi	1900 to 1904	4	Posta Memuru	400	Tosya
Mehmet Pertev Efendi	1866 to 1870	4	Muhabere Memuru	400 to 800	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Tahsin Efendi	1888 to 1892	4	Musillik	142	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Zihni Efendi	1898 to 1907	4	Muhabere Memuru	300	Karamürsel
Osman Nuri Efendi	1879 to 1883	4	Defter-i Hakani Kalemi	760	Izmir (İzmir)
Salih Selami Efendi	1895 to 1899	4	Muhabere Memuru	284 to 380	Gjakova (Yakova)
Abdullah Agah Efendi	1902 to 1905	3	Muhabere Memuru	300	Varna
Ali Fehmi Efendi	1901 to 1904	3	3. Müdür	540	Birecik
Andon Efendi	1878 to 1883	3	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	400 to 600	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Halil Rifat Efendi	1900 to 1903	3	Muhabere Memuru	250 to 285	Larissa (Yenişehir-i Fener)
Mayer Festo Efendi	1898 to 1901	3	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Başmemuru	500	Çanakkale
Mehmet Kadri Efendi	1873 to 1880	3	Muhabere Memuru	455 to 800	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Naim Efendi	1898 to 1901	3	3. Müdür	475 to 500	Harput
Mehmet Pertev Efendi	1895 to 1898	3	3. Müdür	500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Ragıp Efendi	1893 to 1896	3	Muhabere Memuru	285	Ruse (Rusçuk)
Mehmet Sabri Efendi	1897 to 1900	3	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	350	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mustafa Asım Efendi	1885 to 1888	3	2. Müdür	800	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mustafa sevki Efendi	1888 to 1891	3	3. Sınıf Polis Komiseri	400	Rize
Yuvanaki İstavridis Efendi	1898 to 1901	3	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	380	Izmir (İzmir)
Abdulkadir Efendi	1876 to 1878	2	Rusumat Muduru	2,370	Damascus (Şam)
Abdullah Şemsettin Efendi	1881 to 1883	2	Muhabere Memuru	380	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Agop Efendi	1876 to 1878	2	Ittihat Posta Memuru	800	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ali Rıza Efendi	1874 to 1876	2	Muhabere Memuru	455 to 570	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Enver Efendi	1880 to 1882	2	Memur	600	Skopje (Üsküp)
Haci ismail Hakki Efendi	1895 to 1897	2	3. Sınıf Polis Komiseri	400	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Hafiz Salih Efendi	1903 to 1905	2	Muhabere Memuru	250	Omurtag (Osmanpazarı)
Hüseyin Mazlum Efendi	1899 to 1904	2	3. Müdür	400 to 500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
İbrahim Edhem Efendi	1880 to 1882	2	2. Müdür	1,000	Mytilene (Midilli)
İskender Sabri Efendi	1901 to 1903	2	Muhabere Memuru	250	Gjirokastër (Ergiri)
Mehmet Galip Efendi	1874 to 1876	2	Muhabere Memuru	455 to 550	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Kamil Efendi	1893 to 1895	2	Seyyar Memur	475	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Lutfu Efendi	1891 to 1893	2	Muhabere Memuru	285	Volos (Golos)
Mehmet Rifat Efendi	1868 to 1870	2	Niyabet	2,500	Ibradi
Mehmet Rüştü Efendi	1897 to 1899	2	3. Müdür	500	Elazığ
Pakalarakliyan Efendi	1886 to 1888	2	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	400	Ankara
Rasim Efendi	1872 to 1874	2	2. Müdür	730	Tekirdağ
Zülfikar Efendi	1900 to 1902	2	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	350	Antalya
Ahmed Sadık Efendi	1868/69	1	2. Müdür	1,000	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ahmet Efendi	1894/95	1	3. Müdür	500	Bolu
Ahmet Necip Efendi	1899/1900	1	3. Müdür	500	Rethymno (Resmo)
Ahmet Refik Efendi	1896/97	1	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ahmet Servet Efendi	1905/06	1	3. Müdür	600	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Ali Haydar Bey	1894/95	1	Muhabere Memuru	300	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Arnest Lapir Efendi	1885/86	1	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	400	Rhodes (Rodos)
Dahan Berhordar Efendi	1898/99	1	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Habib Efendi	1876/77	1	Muhabere Memuru	455	Sidon (Sayda)
Hacı Mehmet Ali Efendi	1872/73	1	2. Müdür	1,150	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Halil İbrahim Efendi	1906/07	1	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	380	Çanakkale
Hasan Bahri Efendi	1901/02	1	Muhabere Memuru	400	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Hüseyin Sabri Efendi	1886/87	1	Musillik	140	Bursa
Hüseyin Zihni Efendi	1900/01	1	Muhabere Memuru	285	Arapgir
ibrahim Hakki Efendi	1875/76	1	Meclis Kitabeti	500	Kafkasya
İbrahim Hakkı Efendi	1896/97	1	Muhabere Memuru	300	Elbistan
İsmail Efendi	1870/71	1	2. Müdür	800	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Kapril Efendi	1878/79	1	2. Ticaret Mahkemesi Riyaseti	2,000	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Kirikork İskender Efendi	1884/85	1	Muhabere Memuru	400	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Kostantin Kotovili	1867/68	1	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	480	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmed Raşid Efendi	1865/66	1	1. Müdür	1,200	Tekirdağ
Mehmet Agah Efendi	1895/96	1	3. Müdür	500	Shumen (Şumnu)
Mehmet Alim Efendi	1894/95	1	Muhabere Memuru	380	Ödemiş
Mehmet Arif Efendi	1904/05	1			Edirne
Mehmet Emin Efendi	1873/74	1	Memur	450	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Kemalettin Efendi	1906/07	1	3. Müdür	500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Nakib Efendi	1874/75	1	Muhabere Memuru	550	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Nakip Efendi	1874/75	1	Muhabere Memuru	550	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Necati Efendi	1892/93	1	Muhabere Memuru	500	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Rüştü Efendi	1905/06	1	Muhabere Memuru	300	Amasya
Mehmet Yunus Efendi	1888/89	1	2. Müdür	800	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mehmet Ziya Efendi	1895/96	1	Muhabere Memuru	300	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Mina Efendi	1902/03	1	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	400	Elbasan (İlbasan)
Mustafa Atıf Efendi	1880/81	1	Muhabere Memuru	380	Harput
Mustafa Efendi	1858/59	1	Muhabere Memuru	500	Sivas
Mustafa Efendi	1863/64	1	Muhabere Memuru	500	Bursa
Nesim Efendi	1865/66	1	Muhabere Memuru	576	Edirne
Ömer Lütfi Efendi	1897/98	1	Korucu	500	Diyarbakır
Ömer Rıfat Efendi	1896/97	1	Muhabere Memuru	400	Sivas
Süleyman Zühdü Efendi	1881/82	1	Memur	300	Bartın
Yovakimyan Efendi	1873/74	1	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	570	Ankara
Unnamed official (0087_0097, sayfa no:191.)	1892 to 1895	3	Muhaberat-ı Ecnebiye Memuriyeti	350	Çanakkale
Unnamed official (0067_0237; sayfa no:471)	1898/99	1	Muhabere Memuru	475	Istanbul (Dersaadet)
Unnamed official (0086_0163: 321)	1898/99	1	Muhabere Memuru	300	Servia (Serfiçe)
Unnamed official (0087_0147, sayfa no:291.)	1904/05	1	Memur	300	Çorlu

Years here run from the first to the last annual entry here. An official without a recorded name is listed after the named officials.

How to read these records: years and calendars, what first recorded means, gaps between annual entries, and salaries.

Officials on record each year#

Monthly salary each year#

Jobs each year#

Jobs and their officials, all years

Places with officials on record#

Birthplaces and places of service#

One row per official, one cell per recorded year#

Places#

Ottoman officials recorded here#

Officials on record each year

Monthly salary each year

Jobs each year

Places with officials on record

Birthplaces and places of service

One row per official, one cell per recorded year

Places

Ottoman officials recorded here